scholarly journals Proteome of the Triatomine Digestive Tract: From Catalytic to Immune Pathways; Focusing on Annexin Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Gumiel ◽  
Debora Passos de Mattos ◽  
Cecília Stahl Vieira ◽  
Caroline Silva Moraes ◽  
Carlos José de Carvalho Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities ◽  
Insect Innate Immunity

Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans, and Dipetalogaster maxima are all triatomines and potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi responsible for human Chagas’ disease. Considering that the T. cruzi’s cycle occurs inside the triatomine digestive tract (TDT), the analysis of the TDT protein profile is an essential step to understand TDT physiology during T. cruzi infection. To characterize the protein profile of TDT of D. maxima, P. megistus, R. prolixus, and T. infestans, a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was applied in this report. Most proteins were found to be closely related to metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis/glycolysis, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, but also to the immune system. We annotated this new proteome contribution gathering it with those previously published in accordance with Gene Ontology and KEGG. Enzymes were classified in terms of class, acceptor, and function, while the proteins from the immune system were annotated by reference to the pathways of humoral response, cell cycle regulation, Toll, IMD, JNK, Jak-STAT, and MAPK, as available from the Insect Innate Immunity Database (IIID). These pathways were further subclassified in recognition, signaling, response, coagulation, melanization and none. Finally, phylogenetic affinities and gene expression of annexins were investigated for understanding their role in the protection and homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells against the inflammation.

II. Intestinal epithelial cell exosomes: perspectives on their structure and function

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. G251-G255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume van Niel ◽  
Martine Heyman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Cellular Contact ◽  
And Function ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are located at the strategic interface between the external environment and the most extensive lymphoid compartment in the body. Besides their central role in the absorption of nutrients, they also provide sample information to the immune system on soluble or particulate antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Like professional antigen-presenting cells, IEC have recently been shown to secrete 30- to 90-nm diameter vesicles named exosomes from their apical and basolateral surfaces. These vesicles carry molecules that are implicated in adhesion and antigen presentation, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, MHC class II molecules, CD63, CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, tetraspan proteins, and A33 antigen. IEC exosomes therefore, constitute a link by which IEC may influence antigen presentation in the mucosal or systemic immune system independent of direct cellular contact with effector cells.

Changes in the Protein Profile of Porcine Liver in Response to Immune System Stimulation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda C. Outhouse ◽  
Kyle Grubbs ◽  
Christopher K. Tuggle ◽  
Jack C. M. Dekkers ◽  
Nicholas K. Gabler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Porcine Liver

468 PHARMACOLOGICAL HIF-1 STABILIZATION PROMOTES INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL HEALING THROUGH REGULATION OF α-INTEGRIN EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. S-96-S-97
Author(s):  
Bridie J. Goggins ◽  
Kyra Minahan ◽  
Simonne Sherwin ◽  
Wai S. Soh ◽  
Jennifer Pryor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
And Function ◽  
Epithelial Healing

scholarly journals Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation—A Call for Future Research

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Colleen A. Mangold ◽  
David P. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Behavioral Manipulation ◽  
Neuroimmune Communication ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuron Function ◽  
Insect Innate Immunity

Many organisms are able to elicit behavioral change in other organisms. Examples include different microbes (e.g., viruses and fungi), parasites (e.g., hairworms and trematodes), and parasitoid wasps. In most cases, the mechanisms underlying host behavioral change remain relatively unclear. There is a growing body of literature linking alterations in immune signaling with neuron health, communication, and function; however, there is a paucity of data detailing the effects of altered neuroimmune signaling on insect neuron function and how glial cells may contribute toward neuron dysregulation. It is important to consider the potential impacts of altered neuroimmune communication on host behavior and reflect on its potential role as an important tool in the “neuro-engineer” toolkit. In this review, we examine what is known about the relationships between the insect immune and nervous systems. We highlight organisms that are able to influence insect behavior and discuss possible mechanisms of behavioral manipulation, including potentially dysregulated neuroimmune communication. We close by identifying opportunities for integrating research in insect innate immunity, glial cell physiology, and neurobiology in the investigation of behavioral manipulation.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Flavanols on Microbiota, Immunity and Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
María Ángeles Martín ◽  
Sonia Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Positive Properties

Flavanols are natural occurring polyphenols abundant in fruits and vegetables to which have been attributed to beneficial effects on health, and also against metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These positive properties have been associated to the modulation of different molecular pathways, and importantly, to the regulation of immunological reactions (pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, nuclear factor-κB [NF-κB], inducible enzymes), and the activity of cells of the immune system. In addition, flavanols can modulate the composition and function of gut microbiome in a prebiotic-like manner, resulting in the positive regulation of metabolic pathways and immune responses, and reduction of low-grade chronic inflammation. Moreover, the biotransformation of flavanols by gut bacteria increases their bioavailability generating a number of metabolites with potential to affect human metabolism, including during metabolic diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which flavanols act on the microbiota and immune system to influence health and disease remain unclear, especially in humans where these connections have been scarcely explored. This review seeks to summarize recent advances on the complex interaction of flavanols with gut microbiota, immunity and inflammation focus on metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333
Author(s):  
Hidde P. van Steenwijk ◽  
Aalt Bast ◽  
Alie de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Beta Glucans ◽  
And Function

The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition.

scholarly journals Cellular and metabolic mechanisms of nutrient actions in immune function

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
And Function

AbstractVarious nutrients can change cell structure, cellular metabolism, and cell function which is particularly important for cells of the immune system as nutrient availability is associated with the activation and function of diverse immune subsets. The most important nutrients for immune cell function and fate appear to be glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamin D. This perspective will describe recently published information describing the mechanism of action of prominent nutritional intervention agents where evidence exists as to their action and potency.

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