scholarly journals Horses’ (Equus caballus) Ability to Solve Visible but Not Invisible Displacement Tasks Is Associated With Frustration Behavior and Heart Rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vilain Rørvang ◽  
Klára Ničová ◽  
Hanna Sassner ◽  
Christian Nawroth
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Invisible Displacement ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Visible Displacement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Invisible

Many frameworks have assessed the ultimate and ontogenetic underpinnings in the development of object permanence, but less is known about whether individual characteristics, such as sex or training level, as well as proximate factors, such as arousal or emotional state, affect performance in these tasks. The current study investigated horses’ performance in visible and invisible displacement tasks and assessed whether specific ontogenetic, behavioral, and physiological factors were associated with performance. The study included 39 Icelandic horses aged 2–25 years, of varying training levels. The horses were exposed to three tasks: (a) a choice test (n = 37), (b) a visible displacement task (n = 35), and (c) an invisible displacement task (n = 31). 27 horses in the choice test, and 8 horses in the visible displacement task, performed significantly better than expected by chance, while none did so in the invisible displacement task. This was also reflected in their group performance, where horses performed above chance level in the choice task and the visible displacement task only. In the invisible displacement task, the group performed significantly worse than expected by chance indicating that horses persistently chose the side where they had last seen the target. None of the individual characteristics included in the study had an effect on performance. Unsuccessful horses had higher heart rate levels, and expressed more behavior indicative of frustration, likely because of their inability to solve the task. The increased frustration/arousal could lead to a negative feedback loop, which might hamper performance in subsequent trials. Care should thus be taken in future experimental designs to closely monitor the arousal level of the tested individuals in order to safeguard comparability.

scholarly journals Horses’ (Equus caballus) performance in visible and invisible displacement tasks is expressed in frustration behavior and heart rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vilain Rørvang ◽  
Klára Nicova ◽  
Hanna Sassner ◽  
Christian Nawroth
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Invisible Displacement ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Visible Displacement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Invisible

Many frameworks have assessed the ultimate and ontogenetic underpinnings in the development of object permanence, but less is known about whether individual characteristics, such as sex or training level, as well as proximate factors, such as arousal or emotional state, affect performance in these tasks. The current study investigated horses’ performance in visible and invisible displacement tasks and investigated whether specific ontogenetic, behavioral and physiological factors were associated with performance. The study included 39 Icelandic horses aged 2–25 years, of varying training levels. The horses were exposed to three tasks: a) a choice test (n=37), b) a visible displacement task (n=35), and c) an invisible displacement task (n=31). 27 horses in the choice test, and 8 horses in the visible displacement task, performed significantly better than expected by chance, while none did so in the invisible displacement task. This was also reflected in their group performance, where horses performed above chance level in the choice task and the visible displacement task only. In the invisible displacement task, the group performed significantly worse than expected by chance indicating that horses persistently chose the side where they had last seen the target. None of the individual characteristics included in the study had an effect on performance. Unsuccessful horses showed higher heart rate levels, and expressed more behavior indicative of frustration, likely because of their inability to solve the task. The increased frustration/arousal could lead to a negative feedback loop, which might hamperperformance in subsequent trials. Care should thus be taken in future experimental designs to closely monitor the arousal level of the tested individuals in order to safeguard comparability.

scholarly journals Calculation the intensity of aerobic exercise in fitness

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
I. Sedliar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Critical Intensity

According to the vast majority of experts, aerobic exercises are basic in fitness. Their effectiveness in the practice involves the rational regulation of load parameters, one of which is the intensity of exercises. However as practice shows the proposed methods for determining the necessary intensity of aerobic exercises do not quite adequately take into account the individual characteristics - age and fitness level. The purpose of the research is to evaluate methods for calculating intensity of aerobic exercise in fitness. In our studies we proceeded from the fact that calculation methods should consider two main trends. At the aging heart rate at rest slightly rises, and the upper pulse during exercises decreases. A higher fitness connected with significant decrease in heart rate at rest and an increase in its upper rate at critical intensity (expanding the range of heart rate during exercise). According to the vast majority of specialists, aerobic exercise is basic in wellness physical culture. Their effective application in the practice of wellness work implies rational regulation of the load parameters, one of which is the intensity of work. As a result the analysis of real situations it was demonstrated that the calculation intensity of aerobic activity according to heart rate indicators using formulas that take into account only the age of the practitioners is applicable in a certain age range (up to about 50-55 years). As age increases the correctness of such calculations decreases and loses its meaning in certain point due to the fact that calculated indicators of heart rate during exercises may be less than those at rest. Karvonen formula which takes into account the individual level of physical fitness for heart rate at rest is more accurate for determining heart rate in aerobic exercise. Its using allows us more correctly determine the lower pulse during exercises declining it because decrease in resting heart rate. However this formula also declining the upper pulse during exercises, although it should increase as the cardiovascular system improves.

INFLUENCE OF BIOFEEDBACK-PULSE-TRAINING ON HYPOXIC STABILITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
G.N. Anufriev ◽  
M.I. Zinchenko ◽  
V.V. Gul'tyaeva ◽  
D.Yu. Uryumtsev ◽  
S.G. Krivoshchekov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Hypoxic Stress ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Twofold Decrease

The effects of biofeedback trainings (BFT) are sufficiently detailed in scientific literature. However, the mechanism of their formation and individual characteristics of the reactions are not fully disclosed. The purpose of the paper is to study the indirect effect of biofeedback trainings aimed at managing arterial pulse on hypoxic stability and ANS state in healthy people, taking into account the individual characteristics of the response. Materials and Methods. The study involved 28 young women and 26 young men (19–23 years old), who underwent a 15-day biofeedback training. The authors measured the trial subjects’ heart rate (HR), duration of RR-intervals, blood pressure before and after the training. A hypoxic stress test was also carried out. Results. According to the results of the biofeedback trainings, all the volunteers were retrospectively divided into two groups: “reducing heart rate” (R) and “non-reducing heart-rate” (N). All females and N males demonstrated an almost twofold decrease in the number of low-resistant-to-hypoxia persons with their transition into a group of medium- and high- resistant ones. N-girls, if compared with R-girls, showed a greater increase in the number of highly resistant persons (p=0.06). Resistance comparison between male groups also showed a significant increase in highly resistant persons in N-males, if compared to R-males (p=0.01). Biofeedback-training in all groups led to a steady blood pressure decrease (both systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic (p<0.03)). Conclusion. The results obtained indicate an adaptive decrease in sympathetic activation at rest and in response to physiological (hypoxic) stress. Moreover, training effect intensity depends on the individual characteristics of the ANS initial state. Keywords: biofeedback, heart rate, hypoxic stress test, blood pressure, autonomic nervous system. Эффекты влияния тренингов с биологической обратной связью (БОС) достаточно подробно освещены в научной литературе, однако механизм их формирования и индивидуальные особенности возникающих реакций не до конца раскрыты. Цель. Изучение косвенного влияния цикла БОС-тренингов по управлению артериальным пульсом на гипоксическую устойчивость и состояние ВНС у здоровых людей с учетом индивидуальных особенностей реагирования. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 28 девушек и 26 юношей от 19 до 23 лет, которые прошли 15-дневный БОС-тренинг. До и после тренинга проводилось измерение частоты сердечных сокращений (ЧСС), длительности RR-интервалов, артериального давления, а также гипоксический стресс-тест. Результаты. По показателям успешности БОС-тренингов добровольцы ретроспективно были подразделены на группы «снижающих ЧСС» (С) и «неснижающих» (Н). У всех девушек и Н-юношей было выявлено практически двукратное снижение количества низкорезистентных к гипоксии лиц с переходом их в группу средне- и высокорезистентных. У Н-девушек по сравнению с С-девушками количество высокорезистентных выросло сильнее (р=0,06). Сравнение резистентности между группами юношей показало также существенный прирост высокорезистентных в группе Н-юношей по сравнению с С-группой (р=0,01). БОС-тренинг у всей группы привел к устойчивому снижению АД, как систолического (p<0,001), так и диастолического (p<0,03). Выводы. Приведённые результаты свидетельствуют об адаптивном снижении симпатической активации в покое и в ответ на физиологический (гипоксический) стресс. При этом выраженность тренировочного эффекта зависит от индивидуальных особенностей исходного состояния вегетативной нервной системы. Ключевые слова: биологическая обратная связь, частота сердечных сокращений, гипоксический стресс-тест, артериальное давление, вегетативная нервная система.

scholarly journals Cognitive Understanding of Object Permanence in Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx, L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Anna Gabel ◽  
Carsten Lucass ◽  
Stefanie M. Zimmer ◽  
Christina Bietz ◽  
Maren Schwenke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Object Permanence ◽  
Invisible Displacement ◽  
Full View ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
Visible Displacement ◽  
Color Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Understanding ◽  
The Invisible

Object permanence tests are a standard procedure to test the cognitive ability to mentally follow a hidden object. To test this capacity in mandrills, we used visible and color-tracking with invisible displacement tests. During visible displacement the object was hidden and moved within its container in full view of the tested individual. During color-tracking with invisible displacement the object was hidden in a colored container, also in full view, but then moved within its container out of view. The tested mandrills were successful in the visible but not in the color-tracking with invisible displacement tests. They did not use the color as a cue for the correct container. One of the animals memorized the position of the container, in which the reward was dropped before the invisible displacement. We assume that the capacity of solving invisible displacement tests has evolved after the evolutionary separation of mandrills and apes.

scholarly journals Calculation of the intensity of health improving aerobic loads

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Iurii Sedliar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Target Heart Rate ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Correct Determination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Single Formula

The article analyzes the methods of calculating the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads and presents own solution the problem. The effective use of aerobic exercises is based on the formula calculation of the parameters of physical activity corresponding to the individual characteristics of the practitioners, among which one of the most important is intensity. However, the practical application of the proposed formulas indicates that they do not always adequately take into account the most important, in this case, age characteristics and the functional state of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the research is to develop a method for determining the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads which makes it possible to calculate the target heart rate more adequately than the currently existing options. Among the existing formulas the most adequate for calculating heart rate in the process of health-improving aerobic exercise is Karvonen's formula which takes into account not only age but also heart rate at rest which reflect the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Its advantage lies in the more correct determination of the lower target pulse. The disadvantage of this formula is that it reduces, rather than increases, the upper target pulse due to the increased efficiency of the cardiovascular system. During the theoretical research it was established that it was impossible to develop a single formula that would allow to correctly determine the upper and lower target pulse. In this regard we came to the conclusion that to calculate the lower heart rate it is necessary to use the Karvonen formula and the upper tagert puls should be determined by the formula developed by us. It is based on the Haskell & Fox formula (HRmax = 220 - age). The proposed additions determine the upper heart rate as the result of subtracting the individual heart rate from the average age heart rate. A procedure for calculating specific puls based on knowledge of the upper and lower heart rate is proposed.

THE METHODS OF DEVELOPING COMPUTATIONAL THINKING OF STUDENTS WHILE STUDYING THE COURSE "NUMERICAL METHODS" BASED ON BLENDED LEARNING

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
M. M. Klunnikova
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Model ◽  
Mathematics Students ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
The Individual

The work is devoted to the consideration of improving the quality of teaching students the discipline “Numerical methods” through the development of the cognitive component of computational thinking based on blended learning. The article presents a methodology for the formation of computational thinking of mathematics students, based on the visualization of algorithmic design schemes and the activation of the cognitive independence of students. The characteristic of computational thinking is given, the content and structure of computational thinking are shown. It is argued that a student with such a mind is able to manifest himself in his professional field in the best possible way. The results of the application of the technique are described. To determine the level of development of the cognitive component of computational thinking, a diagnostic model has been developed based on measuring the content, operational and motivational components. It is shown that the proposed method of developing computational thinking of students, taking into account the individual characteristics of students’ thinking, meaningfully based on the theoretical and practical aspects of studying the discipline, increases the effectiveness of learning the course “Numerical methods”. The materials of the article are of practical value for teachers of mathematical disciplines who use information and telecommunication technologies in their professional activities.

MEDIA SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF INMUTATION IN THE MASS MEDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Chernysh O.O.
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Media Culture ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

The urgency of the researched problem is connected with the growing role of mass media in modern conditions leads to change of values and transformation of identity of the person. The active growth of the role of the media, their influence on the formation and development of personality leads to the concept of “media socialization” and immutation in the media. The aim of the study is to outline the possibilities of the process of media socialization in the context of immutation in the media. The methods of our research are: analysis of pedagogical, psychological, literature, synthesis, comparison, generalization. The article analyzes the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the problem of immutation in the media and the transformation of the information space. In the context of the mass nature of the immutation of society, the concept of “media socialization” becomes relevant, which is the basis for reducing the negative impact of the media on the individual.The author identifies the lack of a thorough study of the concept of “media socialization” in modern scientific thought. Thus, media socialization is associated with the transformation of traditional means of socialization, and is to assimilate and reproduce the social experience of mankind with the help of new media.The article analyzes the essence of the concepts “media space”, “mass media” and “immutation”. The influence of mass media on the formation and development of the modern personality is described in detail.The study concluded that it is necessary to form a media culture of the individual, to establish safe and effective interaction of young people with the modern media system, the formation of media awareness, media literacy and media competence in accordance with age and individual characteristics for successful media socialization. The role of state bodies in solving the problem of media socialization of the individual was also determined. It is determined that the process of formation of media culture in youth should take place at the level of traditional institutions of socialization of the individual.The author sees the prospect of further research in a detailed analysis and study of the potential of educational institutions as an institution and a means of counteracting the mass nature of the immutation of society.Key words: immutation, media socialization, mass media, media space, information.

Effect of amiodarone on heart rate variability in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (clinical observation)

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
E. P. Popova ◽  
O. T. Bogova ◽  
S. N. Puzin ◽  
D. A. Sychyov ◽  
V. P. Fisenko
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Spectral Parameters ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
The Individual

Spectral analysis of heart rate variability gives an idea of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of chronotropic heart function. This method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy. Drug therapy should be carried out taking into account the individual clinical form of atrial fibrillation. Information about the vegetative status of the patient will undoubtedly increase the effectiveness of treatment. In this study, spectral parameters were studied in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. The effect of antiarrhythmic drug class III amiodarone on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability was studied.

DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽  
Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽  
Elena Vitalievna Chertina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF FORECASTING THE COST OF A SOFTWARE PRODUCT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Rodionov ◽  
◽  
Anna Ploskonos ◽  
Lesya Gavrutenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Cocomo Model ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The paper analyzes the factors that affect the amount of effort required to create a mobile application and its cost. It is established that the main factors of influence are the design of the application, its functionality, the type of mobile platform, the availability and level of testing and support, as well as the individual characteristics of the developer. Based on the analysis of information sources, the main methods and approaches to forecasting the cost of software products are identified, which include the COCOMO model, Price-to-win method, expert evaluation, algorithmic methods and the method of analogies. It is proposed to consider the method of analogies as a tool that allows you to make predictions about the cost of resources required for the successful implementation of IT projects based on the experience of similar projects. It is proved that the advantages of this method are the simplicity of its implementation and the clarity of the results obtained, which follows from the practical orientation of this tool. Among the limitations of the method of analogy is the mandatory need for reliable data relating to similar projects, as well as the difficulty of taking into account unspecified indicators. Taking into account the mentioned limitations of the method of analogies and on the basis of the analysis of scientific sources the possible directions of its optimization are determined. Thus, among the ways to improve the effectiveness of this method are those aimed at optimizing the project selection process, the data for which are used as a basis for forecasting. Attempts to improve the method of analogies by including parameters that were previously ignored by this technique seem promising. This in turn can lead to an expansion of the scope of the method of analogies and increase the accuracy of forecasts. As prospects for further research, the need to continue research in the field of optimization of the method of analogies with the subsequent practical verification of theoretical positions on the data of real projects.

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