scholarly journals Post-stroke Cognition at 1 and 3 Years Is Influenced by the Location of White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients With Lacunar Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del C. Valdés Hernández ◽  
Tara Grimsley-Moore ◽  
Francesca M. Chappell ◽  
Michael J. Thrippleton ◽  
Paul A. Armitage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Lacunar Stroke ◽  
Lentiform Nucleus ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
External Capsule ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Lacunar strokes are a common type of ischemic stroke. They are known to have long-term cognitive deficits, but the influencing factors are still largely unknown. We investigated if the location of the index lacunar stroke or regional WMH and their change at 1 year could predict the cognitive performance at 1 and 3 years post-stroke in lacunar stroke patients. We used lacunar lesion location and WMH-segmented data from 118 patients, mean age 64.9 who had a brain MRI scan soon after presenting with symptoms, of which 88 had a repeated scan 12 months later. Premorbid intelligence (National Adult Reading Test) and current intelligence [Addenbrooke's Cognitive Exam-Revised (ACE-R)] were measured at 1, 12, and 36 months after the stroke. ANCOVA analyses adjusting for baseline cognition/premorbid intelligence, vascular risk factors, age, sex and total baseline WMH volume found that the recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) in the internal/external capsule/lentiform nucleus and centrum semiovale did not predict cognitive scores at 12 and 36 months. However, RSSI location moderated voxel-based associations of WMH change from baseline to 1 year with cognitive scores at 1 and 3 years. WMH increase in the external capsule, intersection between the anterior limb of the internal and external capsules, and optical radiation, was associated with worsening of ACE-R scores 1 and 3 years post-stroke after accounting for the location of the index infarct, age and baseline cognition.

Estimation of Premorbid Intelligence in Schizophrenia

1992 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crawford ◽  
J. A. O. Besson ◽  
M. Bremner ◽  
K. P. Ebmeier ◽  
R. H. B. Cochrane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Valid Estimate ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

To determine whether the National Adult Reading Test (NART) would provide a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia, two schizophrenic samples were recruited, one consisting of 35 patients resident in long-stay wards, the other of 29 patients normally resident in the community. Schizophrenic patients were individually matched for age, sex, and education with a healthy, normal subject. Both schizophrenic samples scored significantly lower on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) than their respective control groups. NART-estimated IQ did not differ significantly between the community-resident schizophrenics and their controls, suggesting that the NART provides a valid means of estimating premorbid intelligence in such a population. NART-estimated IQ was significantly lower in the long-stay sample than in their controls. Although low NART scores in this latter sample could be a valid reflection of low premorbid IQ, the alternative explanation that NART performance was impaired by onset of the disease cannot be ruled out.

Premorbid intelligence estimation and level of dementia in Alzheimer's disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Matt Maddrey ◽  
C.M. Cullum ◽  
M.F. Weiner ◽  
C.M. Filley
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Progressive Dementia ◽  
Sight Word Reading ◽  
Dementia Severity ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

AbstractSimple sight-word reading tasks have demonstrated utility in the estimation of premorbid intelligence, although the effects of progressive dementia on such tasks has not been thoroughly examined. The present investigation sought to examine estimated IQ scores from the National Adult Reading Test-Revised (NART-R; Blair & Spreen, 1989) in relation to a WAlS-R-bascd (Wechsler, 1981) estimate of IQ in a series of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease across varying levels of dementia. Results suggest that while NART-R scores do show a decrement with dementia severity, this decline is mild, in contrast to traditionally based IQ scores and other measures of cognitive function, which show more marked declines. Similarly, compared with other tasks, the NART-R showed the strongest correlation with education across the sample as a whole, while the other indices were more related to level of dementia. These findings support the use of measures such as the NART-R in estimating premorbid intellectual functioning in patients at various levels of dementia severity, including those with more advanced cognitive deterioration. (JINS, 1996, 2, 551–555.)

scholarly journals Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 20

2000 ◽  
Vol 177 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kelly ◽  
V. Sharkey ◽  
G. Morrison ◽  
J. Allardyce ◽  
R. G. McCreadie
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
State Examination

BackgroundCognitive deficits are a core aspect of schizophrenia but there has been no study of cognitive function in a catchment-area-based population of patients with schizophrenia.AimsTo assess cognitive function in a population of patients with schizophrenia, and relate it to community functioning.MethodAll patients with schizophrenia in Nithsdale, south-west Scotland, were identified (n=182). Measures of assessment were: National Adult Reading Test (NART), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Executive Interview (EXIT), FAS Verbal Fluency and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).ResultsWe assessed 138 patients, mean age 48 years (standard deviation (s.d.) 15). Only 14% were in-patients. The mean premorbid IQ as assessed by NART was 98 (s.d. 14); 15% of patients had significant global cognitive impairment (MMSE); 81% had impaired memory (RBMT); 25% had executive dyscontrol (EXIT); and 49% had impaired verbal fluency (FAS). Scores on the functional impairment sub-scale of HoNOS correlated with all measures of cognitive impairment.ConclusionsCognitive dysfunction is pervasive in a community-based population of patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Age and premorbid intelligence suppress complaint–performance congruency in raw score measures of memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt R. Merema ◽  
Craig P. Speelman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kaczmarek ◽  
Jonathan K. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTBackground:We aimed to examine the role of age and premorbid intelligence (IQ) in suppressing the relationship between subjective memory complaints (SMCs) and raw score memory performance.Methods:We used a community sample of older adults aged 66–90 years (N= 121) to test whether the inclusion of age and a premorbid IQ measure in multiple regression analyses increased semipartial correlations of raw score memory performance in predicting SMCs. Rank contrast correlations were also carried out to observe how age and premorbid IQ are related to complaint–performance congruency. Measures utilized in the study included the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (for SMCs), Visual Reproduction and Logical Memory Subtests (memory performance), and the National Adult Reading Test (premorbid IQ).Results:Inclusion of age and premorbid IQ in the multiple regression analyses increased semipartial correlations for all raw score measures of memory. Both age and premorbid IQ were significantly related to complaint–performance congruency, whereby older participants and those with lower premorbid IQ scores rated their memory abilities more leniently than younger and higher premorbid IQ participants.Conclusion:The results suggest differences in age and premorbid IQ play a small role in suppressing the relationship between SMCs and memory performance when utilizing raw score measures of memory.

scholarly journals Estimating Premorbid Intelligence among Older Adults: The Utility of the AMNART

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Lowe ◽  
Steven A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Diagnostic Group ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

This study examines the utility of the American version of the National Adult Reading Test (AMNART) as a measure of premorbid intelligence for older adults. In a sample of 130 older adults, aged 56 to 104, the AMNART was compared to other tests of premorbid intelligence. The results revealed that AMNART-estimated IQ was significantly higher than other premorbid estimates. Across specific educational groups (i.e., 0–12, 13–16, and 17 or more years of education), AMNART-estimated IQ was inflated relative to all other premorbid estimates. The AMNART also declined as cognitive impairment increased, and there was a significant interaction between aging-related diagnostic group and premorbid estimate. The AMNART may therefore overestimate premorbid ability relative to other premorbid measures, particularly among those with greater cognitive impairment and lower levels of education. These results suggest that the AMNART should be used cautiously among older adults and in conjunction with other estimates of premorbid ability.

scholarly journals Stability of Estimated Premorbid Cognitive Ability over Time after Minor Stroke and Its Relationship with Post-Stroke Cognitive Ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Caroline A. McHutchison ◽  
Francesca M. Chappell ◽  
Stephen Makin ◽  
Kirsten Shuler ◽  
Joanna M. Wardlaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Point

Considering premorbid or “peak” adult intelligence (IQ) is important when examining post-stroke cognition. The stability of estimated premorbid IQ and its relationship to current cognitive ability in stroke is unknown. We investigated changes in estimated premorbid IQ and current cognitive ability up to three years post-stroke. Minor stroke patients (NIHSS < 8) were assessed at one to three months, one and three years’ post-stroke. The National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) were used to estimate premorbid IQ (NART IQ) and current cognitive ability respectively at each time-point. Baseline demographics, vascular and stroke characteristics were included. Of the 264 patients recruited (mean age 66), 158 (60%), 151 (57%), and 153 (58%) completed cognitive testing at each time-point respectively. NART IQ initially increased (mean difference (MD) = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.13, p < 0.001) before decreasing (MD = −4.269, 95% CI = −5.12 to −3.41, p < 0.001). ACE-R scores initially remained stable (MD = 0.29, 95% CI = −0.49 to 1.07, p > 0.05) before decreasing (MD = −1.05, 95% CI = −2.08 to −0.01, p < 0.05). Adjusting for baseline variables did not change the relationship between NART IQ and ACE-R with time. Increases in NART IQ were associated with more education. For ACE-R, older age was associated with declines, and higher NART IQ and more education was associated with increases. Across 3 years, we observed fluctuations in estimated premorbid IQ and minor changes in current cognitive ability. Future research should aim to identify variables associated with these changes. However, studies of post-stroke cognition should account for premorbid IQ.

The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: A comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER BRIGHT ◽  
ELI JALDOW ◽  
MICHAEL D. KOPELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Korsakoff’S Syndrome ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Korsakoff's Syndrome ◽  
Valid Estimate ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Since its publication in 1982, the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Revised Version, NART–R) has become a widely accepted method for estimating premorbid levels of intelligence in neuropsychological research. However, the assumption that NART/NART–R performance is relatively independent of brain damage has been increasingly challenged in recent years. In a number of conditions, including Alzheimer dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome, studies have indicated a deterioration in reading ability, leading to an underestimated premorbid IQ. In a reaction to these studies, some researchers have advocated the use of demographic variables as a more suitable foundation for accurately predicting premorbid intelligence. We addressed this issue by calculating IQ estimates on the basis of NART/NART–R, demographic variables, and a combination of the two approaches and by comparing these with current WAIS/WAIS–R IQ in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer dementia, frontal or temporal lobe lesions, and in healthy controls. Estimated premorbid IQs did not differ across groups, whether derived from NART/NART–R or demographic variables. Those based on NART/NART–R demonstrated higher correlations with current WAIS/WAIS–R IQ in controls and patients than those derived from demographic variables. An equation combining NART scores with demographic variables did not significantly increase the amount of variance in IQ explained by NART only, either in patients or controls. The data offer reassurance regarding the continued use of NART as a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in a number of conditions. (JINS, 2002, 8, 847–854.)

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