scholarly journals Stability of Estimated Premorbid Cognitive Ability over Time after Minor Stroke and Its Relationship with Post-Stroke Cognitive Ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Caroline A. McHutchison ◽  
Francesca M. Chappell ◽  
Stephen Makin ◽  
Kirsten Shuler ◽  
Joanna M. Wardlaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Point

Considering premorbid or “peak” adult intelligence (IQ) is important when examining post-stroke cognition. The stability of estimated premorbid IQ and its relationship to current cognitive ability in stroke is unknown. We investigated changes in estimated premorbid IQ and current cognitive ability up to three years post-stroke. Minor stroke patients (NIHSS < 8) were assessed at one to three months, one and three years’ post-stroke. The National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) were used to estimate premorbid IQ (NART IQ) and current cognitive ability respectively at each time-point. Baseline demographics, vascular and stroke characteristics were included. Of the 264 patients recruited (mean age 66), 158 (60%), 151 (57%), and 153 (58%) completed cognitive testing at each time-point respectively. NART IQ initially increased (mean difference (MD) = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.13, p < 0.001) before decreasing (MD = −4.269, 95% CI = −5.12 to −3.41, p < 0.001). ACE-R scores initially remained stable (MD = 0.29, 95% CI = −0.49 to 1.07, p > 0.05) before decreasing (MD = −1.05, 95% CI = −2.08 to −0.01, p < 0.05). Adjusting for baseline variables did not change the relationship between NART IQ and ACE-R with time. Increases in NART IQ were associated with more education. For ACE-R, older age was associated with declines, and higher NART IQ and more education was associated with increases. Across 3 years, we observed fluctuations in estimated premorbid IQ and minor changes in current cognitive ability. Future research should aim to identify variables associated with these changes. However, studies of post-stroke cognition should account for premorbid IQ.

scholarly journals Age and premorbid intelligence suppress complaint–performance congruency in raw score measures of memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt R. Merema ◽  
Craig P. Speelman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kaczmarek ◽  
Jonathan K. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTBackground:We aimed to examine the role of age and premorbid intelligence (IQ) in suppressing the relationship between subjective memory complaints (SMCs) and raw score memory performance.Methods:We used a community sample of older adults aged 66–90 years (N= 121) to test whether the inclusion of age and a premorbid IQ measure in multiple regression analyses increased semipartial correlations of raw score memory performance in predicting SMCs. Rank contrast correlations were also carried out to observe how age and premorbid IQ are related to complaint–performance congruency. Measures utilized in the study included the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (for SMCs), Visual Reproduction and Logical Memory Subtests (memory performance), and the National Adult Reading Test (premorbid IQ).Results:Inclusion of age and premorbid IQ in the multiple regression analyses increased semipartial correlations for all raw score measures of memory. Both age and premorbid IQ were significantly related to complaint–performance congruency, whereby older participants and those with lower premorbid IQ scores rated their memory abilities more leniently than younger and higher premorbid IQ participants.Conclusion:The results suggest differences in age and premorbid IQ play a small role in suppressing the relationship between SMCs and memory performance when utilizing raw score measures of memory.

scholarly journals Association between Striatal Brain Iron Deposition, Microbleeds and Cognition 1 Year After a Minor Ischaemic Stroke

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Maria Valdés Hernández ◽  
Tessa Case ◽  
Francesca Chappell ◽  
Andreas Glatz ◽  
Stephen Makin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Brain Iron ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
A Minor

Brain iron deposits (IDs) are inversely associated with cognitive function in community-dwelling older people, but their association with cognition after ischemic stroke, and whether that differs from microbleeds, is unknown. We quantified basal ganglia IDs (BGID) and microbleeds (BMBs) semi-automatically on brain magnetic resonance images from patients with minor stroke (NIHSS < 7), at presentation and 12 months after stroke. We administered the National Adult Reading Test (NART, estimates premorbid or peak adult cognition) and the Revised Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-R; current cognition) at 1 and 12 months after stroke. We adjusted analyses for baseline cognition, age, gender, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume and vascular risk factors. In 200 patients, mean age 65 years, striatal IDs and BMBs volumes did not change over the 12 months. Baseline BGID volumes correlated positively with NART scores at both times (ρ = 0.19, p < 0.01). Baseline and follow-up BGID volumes correlated positively with age (ρ = 0.248, p < 0.001 and ρ = 0.271, p < 0.001 respectively), but only baseline (and not follow-up) BMB volume correlated with age (ρ = 0.129, p < 0.05). Both smoking and baseline WMH burden predicted verbal fluency and visuospatial abilities scores (B = −1.13, p < 0.02 and B = −0.22, p = 0.001 respectively) at 12 months after stroke. BGIDs and BMBs are associated differently with cognition post-stroke; studies of imaging and post-stroke cognition should adjust for premorbid cognition. The positive correlation of BGID with NART may reflect the lower premorbid cognition in patients with stroke at younger vs older ages.

A framework to study vendors’ contribution in a client vendor relationship in information technology service outsourcing in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Mathur Jain ◽  
Reema Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Service Outsourcing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology Service ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The information technology (IT) industry has been continuously expanding. This has resulted in promoting outsourcing of work by clients to vendors. Most of the published research has focussed on when clients should start outsourcing, what to outsource, criteria for vendor selection, etc., however the vendor side of the relationship has been mostly ignored. The purpose of this paper is to delve deep into the vendors’ side and what aspects a vendor needs to consider in order to maintain a good relationship with the clients. Design/methodology/approach – The research design of the paper is to use literature survey to define the components of the client vendor relationship (CVR), identify the parameters impacting the relationship, establish correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable; subsequently to propose a framework for the CVR. Findings – The findings have been that – communication, technical value addition, knowledge sharing and client vendor adaptability are vital to any outsourcing engagement and if the vendor is able to get good knowledge transfer of the application at hand and the business domain, it can perform better. Vendors, which proactively resolve issues, ensure stable deliveries before time and identify improvements in the software outside the work assigned maintain better relationship. Further a vendor must be adaptable to clients, cultural, time zone differences, should provide a good project manager and be ready to change tools, resources as per client needs. As long as the vendor is able to ensure the above, the stability of the client country and need for information security is not as important to vendors. Research limitations/implications – The study has limitations as it focusses on the vendors’ side and is inclined toward Indian vendors’ perspectives. Future research can include client as well and can be conducted for a different geography. Originality/value – The research work is original and adds value to the IT service outsourcing industry by identifying the parameters which need to be monitored for a sustainable CVR.

scholarly journals Early Post-stroke Cognition: In-hospital Predictors and the Association With Functional Outcome

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Sharma ◽  
Dania Mallick ◽  
Rafael H. Llinas ◽  
Elisabeth B. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
C Statistic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moca Score

Purpose: To characterize and predict early post-stroke cognitive impairment by describing cognitive changes in stroke patients 4–8 weeks post-infarct, determining the relationship between cognitive ability and functional status at this early time point, and identifying the in-hospital risk factors associated with early dysfunction.Materials and Methods: Data were collected for 214 patients with ischemic stroke and 39 non-stroke controls. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) exams were administered at post-hospitalization clinic visits approximately 4–8 weeks after infarct. MoCA scores were compared for patients with: no stroke, minor stroke [NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) &lt; 5], and major stroke. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between MoCA score and functional status [modified Rankin Scale score (mRS)] at follow-up. Predictors of MoCA &lt; 26 and &lt; 19 (cutoffs for mild and severe cognitive impairment, respectively) at follow-up were identified by multivariable logistic regression using variables available during hospitalization.Results: Post stroke cognitive impairment was common, with 66.8% of patients scoring &lt; 26 on the MoCA and 22.9% &lt; 19. The average total MoCA score at follow-up was 18.7 (SD 7.0) among major strokes, 23.6 (SD 4.8) among minor strokes, and 27.2 (SD 13.0) among non-strokes (p = &lt;0.0001). The follow-up MoCA score was associated with the follow-up mRS in adjusted analysis (OR 0.69; 95% C.I. 0.59–0.82). Among patients with no prior cognitive impairment (N = 201), a lack of pre-stroke employment, admission NIHSS &gt; 6, and left-sided infarct predicted a follow-up MoCA &lt; 26 (c-statistic 0.75); while admission NIHSS &gt; 6 and infarct volume &gt; 17 cc predicted a MoCA &lt; 19 (c-statistic 0.75) at follow-up.Conclusion: Many patients experience early post-stroke cognitive dysfunction that significantly impacts function during a critical time period for decision-making regarding return to work and future independence. Dysfunction measured at 4–8 weeks can be predicted during the inpatient hospitalization. These high-risk individuals should be identified for targeted rehabilitation and counseling to improve longer-term post-stroke outcomes.

Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 21: a longitudinal study of National Adult Reading Test stability

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MORRISON ◽  
V. SHARKEY ◽  
J. ALLARDYCE ◽  
R. C. KELLY ◽  
R. G. McCREADIE
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Stable Measure ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background. The stability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) as a measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia has not yet been satisfactorily established despite the widespread use of the NART in schizophrenia research.Method. We examined NART stability in a diverse group of 45 schizophrenic patients in a prospective longitudinal study over 6·5–7·5 years.Results. The results showed that NART performance does not decline significantly with increasing duration of schizophrenic illness and that test–retest reliability, even over 6·5–7·5 years, is extremely high.Discussion. Our results provide the necessary evidence that the NART can be used as a stable measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Post-stroke Cognition at 1 and 3 Years Is Influenced by the Location of White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients With Lacunar Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del C. Valdés Hernández ◽  
Tara Grimsley-Moore ◽  
Francesca M. Chappell ◽  
Michael J. Thrippleton ◽  
Paul A. Armitage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Lacunar Stroke ◽  
Lentiform Nucleus ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
External Capsule ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Lacunar strokes are a common type of ischemic stroke. They are known to have long-term cognitive deficits, but the influencing factors are still largely unknown. We investigated if the location of the index lacunar stroke or regional WMH and their change at 1 year could predict the cognitive performance at 1 and 3 years post-stroke in lacunar stroke patients. We used lacunar lesion location and WMH-segmented data from 118 patients, mean age 64.9 who had a brain MRI scan soon after presenting with symptoms, of which 88 had a repeated scan 12 months later. Premorbid intelligence (National Adult Reading Test) and current intelligence [Addenbrooke's Cognitive Exam-Revised (ACE-R)] were measured at 1, 12, and 36 months after the stroke. ANCOVA analyses adjusting for baseline cognition/premorbid intelligence, vascular risk factors, age, sex and total baseline WMH volume found that the recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) in the internal/external capsule/lentiform nucleus and centrum semiovale did not predict cognitive scores at 12 and 36 months. However, RSSI location moderated voxel-based associations of WMH change from baseline to 1 year with cognitive scores at 1 and 3 years. WMH increase in the external capsule, intersection between the anterior limb of the internal and external capsules, and optical radiation, was associated with worsening of ACE-R scores 1 and 3 years post-stroke after accounting for the location of the index infarct, age and baseline cognition.

Breakfast Consumption and Intelligence in Elderly Persons

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Reading Test ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and intelligence was examined in a sample of 205 adults aged between 60 and 79 years. Those who consumed breakfast cereal every day had a higher mean score (38.4) on the National Adult Reading Test, known to correlate highly with intelligence, than that ( M = 34.7) for the irregular breakfast eaters (WAIS predicted IQs for breakfast cereal everyday 118 and for irregular breakfast eaters 115).

scholarly journals Sleep-Related Cognitive Processes and the Incidence of Insomnia Over Time: Does Anxiety and Depression Impact the Relationship?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Norell-Clarke ◽  
Mikael Hagström ◽  
Markus Jansson-Fröjmark
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety Behaviors ◽  
Preventative Interventions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

Aim: According to the Cognitive Model of Insomnia, engaging in sleep-related cognitive processes may lead to sleep problems over time. The aim was to examine associations between five sleep-related cognitive processes and the incidence of insomnia, and to investigate if baseline anxiety and depression influence the associations.Methods: Two thousand three hundred and thirty-three participants completed surveys on nighttime and daytime symptoms, depression, anxiety, and cognitive processes at baseline and 6 months after the first assessment. Only those without insomnia at baseline were studied. Participants were categorized as having or not having incident insomnia at the next time point. Baseline anxiety and depression were tested as moderators.Results: Three cognitive processes predicted incident insomnia later on. Specifically, more safety behaviors and somatic arousal at Time 1 increased the risk of developing insomnia. When investigating changes in the cognitive processes over time, reporting an increase of worry and safety behaviors also predicted incident insomnia. Depressive symptoms moderated the association between changes in worry and incident insomnia.Conclusion: These findings provide partial support for the hypothesis that cognitive processes are associated with incident insomnia. In particular, safety behaviors, somatic arousal, and worry increase the risk for incident insomnia. Preventative interventions and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Cognitive Ability and Risk Preference

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Armin Falk ◽  
David Huffman ◽  
Uwe Sunde
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
The Relationship

This paper will focus on the relationship between cognitive ability and decision-making under risk and uncertainty. Taken as a whole, this research indicates that cognitive ability is associated with risk-taking behavior in various contexts and life domains, including incentivized choices between lotteries in controlled environments, behavior in nonexperimental settings, and self-reported tendency to take risks. One pattern that emerges frequently in these studies is that cognitive ability tends to be positively correlated with avoidance of harmful risky situations, but it tends to be negatively correlated with risk aversion in advantageous situations. We conclude by discussing perspectives for future research, in particular the scope for the development of richer sets of elicitation instruments and measurement across a wider range of concepts.

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