scholarly journals Two Aspects of Feedforward Control During a Fencing Lunge: Early and Anticipatory Postural Adjustments

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Akbaş ◽  
Wojciech Marszałek ◽  
Bogdan Bacik ◽  
Grzegorz Juras
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Feedforward Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Postural Adjustment ◽  
Anticipatory Postural Adjustment ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Performance Conditions

The present study investigated whether expertise in fencing influences the onset of postural preparation during the fencing lunge and how it changes under different performance conditions. We also questioned if the onset of feedforward control can be categorized into one of the postural phases: anticipatory or early postural adjustment. Eight elite fencers and nine physical education students performed an attack with a lunge in self-paced and reaction time conditions from three different initial stance widths. The onset of the center of pressure (COP) displacement and EMG activities for the tibialis anterior (TA) of both limbs were recorded. The results show that expertise in fencing delays the onset of the activity of TA of the front leg and the onset of COP displacement during fencing lunge performance in comparison to controls. Additionally, in contrast to the control group, fencers produce typical APA patterns in the activation of TA under different performance conditions, delayed reaction time in comparison to self-initiated lunging, and constant time of APA onset under different widths of stance. According to different times and functions of TA activity and COP displacement in lunging, we propose to address them as anticipatory postural adjustment and early postural adjustment, respectively.

scholarly journals The Effects of a Running Consistency Programme on Footfall Variability and Performance in the Long Jump

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Marcin Starzak ◽  
Hubert Makaruk ◽  
Anna Starzak
Keyword(s):  
Training Programme ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Acceleration Phase ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Step Velocity ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Introduction. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a training programme aimed to enhance toe-toboard consistency on footfall variability and performance in the long jump. Material and methods. The study involved 36 male physical education students. The experimental group participated in a 12-week training programme, whereas the control group was limited to taking part in the classes held at university. All participants performed 6 long jump trials during two testing sessions. The kinematic parameters were assessed using the Optojump Next device and were further analysed to determine the variability of footfall placement during the approach run. Results. The analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in footfall variability in the experimental group between the pre-test and post-test. After the completion of the training programme, the participants significantly (p < 0.05) improved their take-off accuracy. Additionally, they significantly (p < 0.05) increased their velocity in the last five steps before take-off and the effective distance of the jump (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that through specific training, it is possible to improve the consistency of the steps in the acceleration phase of the approach run in the long jump. Moreover, decreasing footfall variability helps achieve a more stable step pattern which may be beneficial for greater accuracy at the take-off board and makes it possible to increase step velocity at the final stage of the approach run.

scholarly journals The Influence of 24-Hour Sleep Deprivation on the Strength of Lower Limb Muscles in Young and Physically Fit Women and Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2762
Author(s):  
Karolina Kujawa ◽  
Marta Ołpińska-Lischka ◽  
Janusz Maciaszek
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Flexor Muscles ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 24-h sleep deprivation on the muscle strength of young, healthy and physically fit people. The research material consisted of physical education students. In total, 67 people participated in the study, including 38 women and 29 men. Respondents were divided into an experimental group “E” of 44 persons subjected to 24-h sleep deprivation and a control group “C” of 23 persons. Students completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) measuring daytime sleepiness. Students performed measurements of the maximum strength of knee joint extensor and flexor muscles. Measurements of muscle strength of flexors and extensors of the knee were taken on a UPR-02 A/S chair with Moment II by Sumer software. ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to determine the significance of differences between experimental “E” and control “C” group. Statistical significance was defined at the level of p ≤ 0.05. Statistically significant differences were observed in the change of strength levels between groups at the strength moments of right (p < 0.05, η2p = 0.16) and left (p < 0.05, η2p = 0.08) knee muscles extensor. Changes in extensor muscle strength are significant for students with left dominant legs.

scholarly journals Frequent Immediate Knowledge of Results Enhances the Increase of Throwing Velocity in Overarm Handball Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Štirn ◽  
Jamie Carruthers ◽  
Marko Šibila ◽  
Primož Pori
Keyword(s):  
Relative Increase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of frequent, immediate, augmented feedback on the increase of throwing velocity was investigated. An increase of throwing velocity of a handball set shot when knowledge of results was provided or not provided during training was compared. Fifty female and seventy-three male physical education students were assigned randomly to the experimental or control group. All participants performed two series of ten set shots with maximal effort twice a week for six weeks. The experimental group received information regarding throwing velocity measured by a radar gun immediately after every shot, whereas the control group did not receive any feedback. Measurements of maximal throwing velocity of an ordinary handball and a heavy ball were performed, before and after the training period and compared. Participants who received feedback on results attained almost a four times greater relative increase of the velocity of the normal ball (size 2) as compared to the same intervention when feedback was not provided (8.1 ± 3.6 vs. 2.7 ± 2.9%). The velocity increases were smaller, but still significant between the groups for throws using the heavy ball (5.1 ± 4.2 and 2.5 ± 5.8 for the experimental and control group, respectively). Apart from the experimental group throwing the normal ball, no differences in velocity change for gender were obtained. The results confirmed that training oriented towards an increase in throwing velocity became significantly more effective when frequent knowledge of results was provided.

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Active-Alert Hypnosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1123-1126
Author(s):  
Hendrik M. DeVos ◽  
Justus R. Potgieter ◽  
Johannes H. Blaauw
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Average Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Experimental Group

10 female physical education students were given posthypnotic suggestions alluding to economy of effort in exercise. These suggestions were affirmed under self-hypnosis over two weeks. Experimental subjects pedalled on an exercise bicycle for 20 min. at 60% of their maximal work capacity while listening to suggestions from a hypnotist. The Control group ( n = 9) showed no differences between mean pretest and posttest scores on physical self-efficacy, trait anxiety, state anxiety, heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived rate of exertion. The average systolic blood pressure of the experimental group was the only positive significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores.

scholarly journals Incidence of the Flipped Classroom in the Physical Education Students’ Academic Performance in University Contexts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Hinojo Lucena ◽  
Ángel Custudio Mingorance Estrada ◽  
Juan Manuel Trujillo Torres ◽  
Inmaculada Aznar Díaz ◽  
María Pilar Cáceres Reche
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

This research analyzes the Physical Education students&rsquo; degree of academic performance with the incorporation of active methodologies, specifically the flipped classroom mixed learning, restricted to evaluation periods in the months of June and September. The study focuses on whether there are significant differences in this variable through the scores obtained. Through a simple random sampling, 131 students participated in this empiric-analytic research, using an ex-post-facto study with a retrospective design with quasi control group. A robust test of averages comparison, multiple linear regressions and an evaluation of the relative importance of predictors is conducted. The results show how flipped classroom methodology linearly and positively influences academic performance and correlationally motivation and support. As main conclusion, in a hybrid and digitalized learning context, the value of the consideration of active methodologies (flipped classroom) based on emerging pedagogies, allows improving students&rsquo; achievement and competence development, providing critical, significant, ubiquitous, transformational and especially motivating experiences.

scholarly journals The effect of long-term whole-body vibration on muscular performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Yossef Haleva ◽  
Ayelet Dunsky ◽  
Yoav Meckel ◽  
Heinz Kleinöder ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
External Load ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
And Control

Introduction: The whole-body vibration (WBV) approachis considered to be a unique training method for physicalrehabilitation, injury preventions, and improving physicalperformance in athlete. The scientific literature about WBV iswell documented and presents different vibration protocols,different measurements and, as a consequence - differentresults. Objectives: To explore the effect of a strengtheningprogram with WBV on several muscular strength variablesamong physical education students in comparison to a controlpassive group of students. Methods: Thirty-eight healthymale physical education students were randomly allocatedinto Vibration Group (VG, n=13) - who underwent strengtheningprogram with WBV and external load, and Control Group(CG, n=25), that received no treatment. The study includedpre-test assessments, 4-week intervention phase and post-testassessments. During the intervention phase VG performedthree training sessions per week that included six sets of 30sec squats with external loads on a WBV platform. Assessmentsincluded maximal muscle strength, power, reactivestrength and endurance. Results: Significant improvementswere shown in all components among the VG from pre topost-tests (p<0.001), with no significant change among theCG. Conclusions: A 4-week strengthening program with WBVand medium external load improves different components ofstrength among healthy physical education students.

scholarly journals A prospective study of the muscle strength and reaction time of the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles in patients with plantar fasciitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Hyuck Lee ◽  
Hae Woon Jung ◽  
Woo Young Jang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Hamstring Muscles ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract Background Muscle weakness is an important etiological factor in plantar fasciitis (PF), but available data on the role of the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles are limited. The aim of this study was to compare the strength and reaction time of the quadriceps, hamstring, and GCM muscles and foot pressure between patients with PF and normal controls. Methods A total of 21 PF patients and 21 normal controls were enrolled. Muscle strength was measured by the peak torque per body weight (Nmkg− 1 × 100). Muscle reaction time was evaluated by the acceleration time (AT, milliseconds). Foot pressure and posture were assessed by pedobarography [valgus/varus index (VV index), %]. Results The strength of the quadriceps was significantly lower in the affected ankles of the PF group than in the control group (p = 0.005). The AT of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles was significantly increased in the affected ankles of the PF group than in the control group (quadriceps: p = 0.012, hamstring: p = 0.001), while the AT of the GCM muscle was significantly decreased (p = 0.009) and significantly correlated negatively with quadriceps muscle strength (r = −.598, p = 0.004) and AT (r = −.472, p = 0.031). Forefoot (p = 0.001) and hindfoot (p = 0.000) pressure were significantly greater, with the VV index showing hindfoot valgus, in the affected ankles in the PF group compared to the control group (p = 0.039). Conclusions This study demonstrated weakness and delayed reaction time of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, with a rapid reaction time of the GCM muscle, in patients with PF. Clinical relevance Clinicians and therapists should assess the function of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles when planning the management of PF patients without muscle tightness.

scholarly journals Asymmetry of Anticipatory Postural Adjustment During Gait Initiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Hiraoka ◽  
Ryota Hatanaka ◽  
Yasutaka Nikaido ◽  
Yasutomo Jono ◽  
Yoshifumi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Gait Initiation ◽  
Postural Adjustment ◽  
Anticipatory Postural Adjustment ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Weight Shift ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the asymmetry of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) during gait initiation and to determine whether the process of choosing the initial swing leg affects APA during gait initiation. The participants initiated gait with the leg indicated by a start tone or initiated gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. The dependent variables of APA were not significantly different among the condition of initiating gait with the preferred leg indicated by the start tone, the condition of initiating gait with the non-preferred leg indicated by the start tone, and the condition of initiating gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. These findings fail to support the view that the process of choosing the initial swing leg affects APA during gait initiation. The lateral displacement of the center of pressure in the period in which shifting the center of pressure to the initial swing phase before initiating gait with the left leg indicated by the external cue was significantly larger than that when initiating gait with the right leg indicated by the external cue, and significantly larger than that when initiating gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. Weight shift to the initial swing side during APA during gait initiation was found to be asymmetrical when choosing the leg in response to an external cue

scholarly journals Efectos de la práctica de aikido sobre mindfulness y la ansiedad en estudiantes universitarios de Costa Rica (Effects of practicing aikido on mindfulness and anxiety in Costa Rican university students)

Retos ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Cuéllar Hidalgo ◽  
Aldo Bazán Ramírez ◽  
Gerardo Alonso Araya Vargas
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

El propósito del estudio fue examinar el efecto de la práctica del aikido sobre el mindfulness y el estado de ansiedad, en estudiantes universitarios sin experiencia previa en artes marciales. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi experimental intra sujetos con mediciones Pre y Post tratamiento, con un grupo control activo (estudiantes de Educación Física. Se midió mindfulness con la escala MAAS y la ansiedad con la escala de Hamilton. Se aplicó un entrenamiento centrado en el aprendizaje y práctica de diversas técnicas de aikido (waza) y de la forma en que debían ser recibidas dichas técnicas (ukemi), por 11 semanas (2 sesiones semanales de 2 horas cada una). Grupo experimental: n=12, con edades entre 18 y 62 años. Grupo control: n=12 estudiantes, con edades entre 21 y los 34 años. Resultados: la práctica de aikido mostró tamaños de efecto significativos y de magnitud moderada tanto en mindfulness, como en la ansiedad. La edad no explica estos hallazgos. Se justifican estudios de seguimiento.Abstract. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of practicing aikido on mindfulness and anxiety state in university students with no previous experience in martial arts. We used an intra-subjects quasi-experimental design with Pre and Post treatment measurements, with an active control group (physical education students). Mindfulness was measured with the MAAS scale, whereas anxiety with the Hamilton scale. A training program focused on learning and practicing various aikido techniques (waza), and the way in which these techniques (ukemi) should be received, was implemented during 11 weeks (2 weekly sessions of 2 hours each). Experimental group: n = 12, with ages between 18 and 62 years old. Control group: n = 12 students, with ages between 21 and 34 years old. Results: the practice of aikido showed significant effect sizes of moderate magnitude in both mindfulness and anxiety. Age does not explain these findings. Follow-up studies are recommended.

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