scholarly journals Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuro E. Okada ◽  
Tony Quan ◽  
Marc R. Bomhof
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ketone Ester

Ketosis and exercise are both associated with alterations in perceived appetite and modification of appetite-regulating hormones. This study utilized a ketone ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) to examine the impact of elevated ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) during and after a bout of exercise on appetite-related hormones, appetite perception, and ad libitum energy intake over a 2 h post-exercise period. In a randomized crossover trial, 13 healthy males and females (age: 23.6 ± 2.4 years; body mass index: 25.7 ± 3.2 kg·m−2) completed an exercise session @ 70% VO2peak for 60 min on a cycling ergometer and consumed either: (1) Ketone monoester (KET) (0.5 g·kg−1 pre-exercise + 0.25 g·kg−1 post-exercise); or (2) isocaloric dextrose control (DEX). Transient ketonaemia was achieved with βHB concentrations reaching 5.0 mM (range 4.1–6.1 mM) during the post-exercise period. Relative to the dextrose condition, acyl-ghrelin (P = 0.002) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (P = 0.038) were both reduced by acute ketosis immediately following exercise. AUC for acyl-ghrelin was lower in KET compared to DEX (P = 0.001), however there were no differences in AUC for GLP-1 (P = 0.221) or PYY (P = 0.654). Perceived appetite (hunger, P = 0.388; satisfaction, P = 0.082; prospective food consumption, P = 0.254; fullness, P = 0.282) and 2 h post-exercise ad libitum energy intake (P = 0.488) were not altered by exogenous ketosis. Although KE modifies homeostatic regulators of appetite, it does not appear that KE acutely alters energy intake during the post-exercise period in healthy adults.

Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1022-1030
Author(s):  
Courteney C. Hamilton ◽  
Steve B. Wiseman ◽  
Jennifer L. Copeland ◽  
Marc R. Bomhof
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
The Impact

Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m−2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%–70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (7–36) Amide on Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 4382-4389 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Verdich ◽  
A. Flint ◽  
J.-P. Gutzwiller ◽  
E. Näslund ◽  
C. Beglinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

scholarly journals Reproducibility of 24-h post-exercise changes in energy intake in overweight and obese women using current methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma L. Brown ◽  
Michael E. Lean ◽  
Catherine R. Hankey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Exercise

Direct observation(s) of energy intake (EI) via buffet meals served in the laboratory are often carried out within short-term exercise intervention studies. The reproducibility of values obtained has not been assessed either under resting control conditions or post-exercise, in overweight and obese females. A total of fourteen sedentary, pre-menopausal females (BMI 30·0 (sd5·1) kg/m2) completed four trials; two exercise and two control. Each trial lasted 24 h spanning over 2 d; conducted from afternoon on day 1 and morning on day 2. An exercise session to expend 1·65 MJ was completed on day 1 of exercise trials, and three buffet meals were served during each trial. Reproducibility of post-exercise changes in energy and macronutrient intakes was assessed at each individual buffet meal by intraclass correlation coefficient (ri). Only therivalues for post-exercise changes in energy (ri0·44 (95 % CI − 0·03, 0·77),P = 0·03) and fat intake (ri0·51 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·81),P = 0·02) at the lunch buffet meal achieved statistical significance; however, theserivalues were weak and had large associated 95 % CI, which indicates a large degree of variability associated with these measurements. Energy and macronutrient intakes at the breakfast and evening buffet meals were not reproducible. This study concludes that the frequently used laboratory-based buffet meal method of assessing EI does not produce reliable, reproducible post-exercise changes in EI in overweight and obese women.

scholarly journals The endocrine effects of bitter tastant administration in the gastrointestinal system - Intragastric versus intraduodenal administration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wout Verbeure ◽  
Eveline Deloose ◽  
Joran Tóth ◽  
Jens F. Rehfeld ◽  
Lukas Van Oudenhove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Tube ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Nasogastric Feeding ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Quinine Hydrochloride ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Intraduodenal Administration

Bitter tastants are recently introduced as potential hunger-suppressive compounds, the so-called "Bitter pill". However, the literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We want to test whether hunger ratings and hormone plasma levels are affected by: 1) the site of administration: intragastrically (IG) or intraduodenally (ID), 2) the bitter tastant itself, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) or denatonium benzoate (DB), and 3) the timing of infusion. Therefore, 14 healthy, female volunteers participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled six-visit crossover study. After an overnight fast, DB (1µmol/kg), QHCl (10µmol/kg) or placebo were given IG or ID via a nasogastric feeding tube. Blood samples were taken 10 min prior to administration and every 10 min after administration for a period of 2 hours. Hunger was rated at the same timepoints on a visual analogue scale (VAS). ID bitter administration did not affect hunger sensations, motilin or acyl-ghrelin release compared with its PLC infusion. IG QHCl infusion tended to suppress hunger increase, especially between 50-70 minutes after infusion, simultaneously with reduced motilin values. Here, acyl-ghrelin was not affected. IG DB did not affect hunger or motilin, however acyl-ghrelin levels were reduced 50-70 minutes after infusion. Plasma values of glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin were too low to be properly detected or to have any physiological relevance. In conclusion, bitter tastants should be infused into the stomach to reduce hunger sensations and orexigenic gut peptides. QHCl has the best potential to reduce hunger sensations, and it should be infused 60 minutes before food intake.

scholarly journals Predictors of Post-Exercise Energy Intake in Adolescents Ranging in Weight Status from Overweight to Severe Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Nicole Fearnbach ◽  
Amanda E. Staiano ◽  
Neil M. Johannsen ◽  
Daniel S. Hsia ◽  
Robbie A. Beyl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
Ad Libitum

Exercise may sensitize individuals with overweight and obesity to appetitive signals (e.g., hunger and fullness cues), overriding trait eating behaviors that contribute to overeating and obesity, such as uncontrolled eating. The objective of the current study was to measure predictors of objective ad libitum energy intake at a laboratory-based, post-exercise test-meal in adolescents ranging in weight status from overweight to severe obesity. We hypothesized that appetitive states, rather than appetitive traits, would be the strongest predictors of energy intake at a post-exercise test-meal, after controlling for body size. At Baseline, 30 adolescents (ages 10–16 years, 50% female (F), 43% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 83% with obesity (OB)) completed state and trait appetite measures and an ad libitum dinner meal following intensive exercise. Nineteen of those participants (47% F, 32% NHW, 79% OB) completed identical assessments two years later (Year 2). Energy intake (kcal) at each time point was adjusted for fat-free mass index (i.e., body size). Adjusted energy intake was reliable from Baseline to Year 2 (ICC = 0.84). Multiple pre-meal appetite ratings were associated with test-meal energy intake. In stepwise linear regression models, pre-meal prospective food consumption was the strongest and only significant predictor of test-meal energy intake at both Baseline (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.005) and Year 2 (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.003). Baseline post-exercise energy intake was associated with weight change over two years (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.04), but not with change in fat mass (p = 0.11). Appetitive traits were not associated with weight or body composition change (p > 0.22). State appetite cues were the strongest predictors of post-exercise energy intake, independent of body size. Future studies should examine whether long-term exercise programs enhance responsiveness to homeostatic appetite signals in youth with overweight and obesity, with a goal to reduce excess energy intake and risk for weight gain over time.

Calorie Matching Prior To Resistance Training Prevents Post-exercise Decrease In Glucagon-like Peptide-1 In Females.

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Jared M. Gollie ◽  
Ann K. Popkess ◽  
Gino S. Panza ◽  
Joshua S. Wooten ◽  
Jeffrey E. Herrick
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

scholarly journals Post-Exercise Appetite and Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Response to High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate- or Vigorous-Intensity Continuous Training among Physically Inactive Middle-Aged Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Poon ◽  
Feng-Hua Sun ◽  
Anthony Chung ◽  
Stephen Wong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Physically Inactive

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered a time-efficient exercise strategy for weight management. However, data regarding the acute appetite and energy intake responses to HIIT versus continuous training remain inconclusive. This study investigated the ad libitum energy intake and appetite responses to a single session of HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT). Using a randomized crossover design, 11 middle-aged physically inactive men (45.7 ± 7.4 years, 23.5 ± 2.1 kg m−2) participated in three treadmill trials at 7-day intervals. HIIT comprised 10 1-min periods at 100% VO2max interspersed with 1-min periods of active recovery. MICT comprised a 40-min session at 65% VO2max, while VICT comprised a 20-min session at 80% VO2max. After each trial, the participants consumed an ad libitum buffet meal for which the energy intake was recorded. The participants’ perceived appetite was assessed before and after exercise sessions using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). No significant differences in post-exercise ad libitum energy intake were observed between trials (HIIT: 645 ± 262.9 kcal; MICT: 614.7 ± 271.2 kcal; VICT: 623.1 ± 249.0 kcal, p > 0.05). Although the perceived appetite responses exhibited a significant main effect of time (p < 0.01), no group differences were observed (p > 0.05). In summary, these findings suggest that the interval or continuous nature of exercise has no significant effect on appetite responses in physically inactive middle-aged adults, at least during the short-term post-exercise period.

scholarly journals Using Sensory Cues to Optimise the Satiety Value of a Reduced-Calorie Product Labelled ‘Healthier Choice’

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri McCrickerd ◽  
Priscilla Pei Sian Tay ◽  
Claudia Shuning Tang ◽  
Ciarán Gerard Forde
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Label Product ◽  
Label Information ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

Reformulation strategies to reduce the energy density of commonly consumed foods and beverages are intended to support weight management, but expectations generated by labelling these as ‘healthier’ alternatives can have unintended effects on the product’s sensory evaluations and consumption behaviours. We compared the impact of four different strategies for presenting a lower-calorie beverage to consumers on product perceptions, short-term appetite and energy intake. Participants (N = 112) consumed higher- (211 kcal/portion) and lower-calorie (98 kcal/portion) fixed-portion soymilks in the morning across two test days, with the lower-calorie version presented in one of four contexts varying in label information and sensory quality: (1) sensory-matched/unlabelled, (2) sensory-matched/labelled, (3) sensory-reduced (less sweet and creamy)/labelled, and (4) sensory-enhanced (sweeter and creamier)/labelled. The label was Singapore’s Healthier Choice Symbol, which also highlighted that the soymilk was lower calorie. Changes in reported appetite, ad libitum lunch intake, and self-reported intake for the rest of the text day were recorded. Results indicated that total energy intake was consistently lower on the days the lower calorie beverages were consumed, regardless of how they were presented. However, the ‘healthier choice’ label increased hunger prior to lunch and reduced the soymilks’ perceived thickness and sweetness compared to the same unlabelled version. Increasing the product’s sensory intensity successfully maintained liking, experienced sensory quality and appetite. Results suggest that food companies wanting to explicitly label product reformulations could combine messages of ‘lower calorie’ and ‘healthier choice’ with appropriate taste and texture enhancements to maintain acceptance and avoid negative effects on appetite.

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