scholarly journals Short-Term Physical Inactivity Induces Endothelial Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Bowden Davies ◽  
Juliette A. Norman ◽  
Andrew Thompson ◽  
Katie L. Mitchell ◽  
Joanne A. Harrold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Habitual Activity

ObjectiveThis study examined the effects of a short-term reduction in physical activity, and subsequent resumption, on metabolic profiles, body composition and cardiovascular (endothelial) function.DesignTwenty-eight habitually active (≥10,000 steps/day) participants (18 female, 10 male; age 32 ± 11 years; BMI 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were assessed at baseline, following 14 days of step-reduction and 14 days after resuming habitual activity.MethodsPhysical activity was monitored throughout (SenseWear Armband). Endothelial function (flow mediated dilation; FMD), cardiorespiratory fitness (V.⁢O2 peak) and body composition including liver fat (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were determined at each assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way within subject’s ANOVA; data presented as mean (95% CI).ResultsParticipants decreased their step count from baseline by 10,111 steps/day (8949, 11,274; P < 0.001), increasing sedentary time by 103 min/day (29, 177; P < 0.001). Following 14 days of step-reduction, endothelial function was reduced by a 1.8% (0.4, 3.3; P = 0.01) decrease in FMD. Following resumption of habitual activity, FMD increased by 1.4%, comparable to the baseline level 0.4% (–1.8, 2.6; P = 1.00). Total body fat, waist circumference, liver fat, whole body insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness were all adversely affected by 14 days step-reduction (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline levels following resumption of activity.ConclusionThis data shows for the first time that whilst a decline in endothelial function is observed following short-term physical inactivity, this is reversed on resumption of habitual activity. The findings highlight the need for public health interventions that focus on minimizing time spent in sedentary behavior.

scholarly journals Impact of Kinanthropometric Differences According to Non-Professional Sports Activity Practiced

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5063
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Navas Harrison ◽  
Ana María Pérez Pico ◽  
Raquel Mayordomo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Activity Performance ◽  
Amateur Athlete

Kinanthropometry allows us to analyze variations in physical dimensions and body composition. This study’s objective was to evaluate the kinanthropometric differences based on physical activity performance, depending on whether the lower body or the whole body is more or less potent and the differences with a sedentary population. We analyzed 131 individuals (74 men and 57 women), with an average age of 22.68 ± 2.98 years. We differentiated three populations: sedentary (n = 63), runners (n = 20), and basketball players (n = 48). Measurements and indices were obtained following the international protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results show differences between the populations regarding weight, height, wingspan, and certain perimeters, diameters, and morphotypes depending on the predominant training type and the sedentary population. These anthropometric measurements will allow the amateur athlete to compare between seasons or other moments of training, pay attention to their evolution, and assess the possibility of changes in training.

scholarly journals Dual X-ray absorptiometry whole body composition of adipose tissue in rheumatoid arthritis

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-247
Author(s):  
C. Popescu ◽  
Violeta Bojincă ◽  
Daniela Opriş ◽  
Ruxandra Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Postmenopausal Female

Abstract Aim. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may influence not only abdominal fat, but also whole body adiposity, since it is associated with chronic inflammation and disability. The study aims to evaluate the whole body adiposity of RA patients and to assess potential influences of disease specific measures. Methods. The study was designed to include Caucasian postmenopausal female RA patients and age-matched postmenopausal female controls. Each subject underwent on the same day clinical examination, laboratory tests, whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) composition and physical activity estimation using a self-administered questionnaire. Results. A total of 107 RA women and 104 matched controls were included. Compared to controls, the RA group had less physical activity and a higher prevalence of normal weight obesity. Overfat RA women had a significantly higher toll of inflammation, disease activity, glucocorticoid treatment and sedentary behavior. RA women with inflammation, glucocorticoid treatment and higher disease activity class had higher whole body and trunk adipose tissue indices and higher prevalence of overfat status. Glucocorticoid treatment, inflammation, disease duration and severity correlated with whole body adipose tissue and significantly predicted high adiposity content and overfat phenotypes. Conclusions. RA disease duration and severity are associated with higher whole body and regional adiposity. Low-dose glucocorticoid treatment seems to contribute to adiposity gain and redistribution. Clinicians may need to assess body composition and physical activity in RA patients in order to fully manage cardiovascular outcomes and quality of life.

scholarly journals Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Blood Glucose in Overweight and Obese Young Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaowei Kong ◽  
Shengyan Sun ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Qingde Shi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Young Women ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Intensity Interval

This study was to determine the effects of five-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, blood glucose, and relevant systemic hormones when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in overweight and obese young women.Methods. Eighteen subjects completed 20 sessions of HIIT or MICT for five weeks. HIIT involved 60 × 8 s cycling at ~90% of peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) interspersed with 12 s recovery, whereas MICT involved 40-minute continuous cycling at 65% ofV˙O2peak.V˙O2peak, body composition, blood glucose, and fasting serum hormones, including leptin, growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and fibroblast growth factor 21, were measured before and after training.Results. Both exercise groups achieved significant improvements inV˙O2peak(+7.9% in HIIT versus +11.7% in MICT) and peak power output (+13.8% in HIIT versus +21.9% in MICT) despite no training effects on body composition or the relevant systemic hormones. Blood glucose tended to be decreased after the intervention (p=0.062). The rating of perceived exertion in MICT was higher than that in HIIT (p=0.042).Conclusion. Compared with MICT, short-term HIIT is more time-efficient and is perceived as being easier for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and fasting blood glucose for overweight and obese young women.

Vascular dysfunction and insulin stimulated blood flow : impact of physical inactivity and type 2 diabetes

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Leryn J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Insulin Stimulation

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have blunted femoral artery insulin mediated blood flow which is critical for the delivery and uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear in humans the precise mechanisms by which insulin resistance impairs insulin stimulated blood flow. Further, chronic physical inactivity is a powerful stimulus for reduced insulin sensitivity and vascular dysfunction; however, the effects of short term, modest reductions in physical activity are limited. Thus, we examined 1) if inactivity for 5 days would impair endothelial function in healthy individuals (study one) 2) if reducing whole body insulin sensitivity, via 5 days of inactivity, would impair the blood flow response to insulin stimulation in parallel with glycemic control (study two) and 3) phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) production to insulin stimulation would be decreased and increased, respectively, in insulin resistant individuals (study three). We demonstrated significant reductions in endothelial function with only 5 days of reduced daily steps while blood flow to glucose ingestion was unaltered. Further, in obese humans with type 2 diabetes it does not appear that that the reduction in blood flow to 1 hr of insulin stimulation is due to altered peNOS or ET-1. Collectively, these data suggest that reduced daily physical activity and chronic insulin resistance mediate negative impacts on vascular function and insulin stimulated blood flow and signaling.

Association between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition with menopausal symptoms in early postmenopausal women

Menopause ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Morardpour ◽  
Maryam Koushkie Jahromi ◽  
Mahboobeh Fooladchang ◽  
Rasoul Rezaei ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sayar Khorasani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Menopausal Symptoms ◽  
Early Postmenopausal Women

scholarly journals Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: metabolic and musculoskeletal implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204201881988882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Bowden Davies ◽  
Samuel Pickles ◽  
Victoria S. Sprung ◽  
Graham J. Kemp ◽  
Uazman Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation

Background: Although the health benefits of regular physical activity and exercise are well established and have been incorporated into national public health recommendations, there is a relative lack of understanding pertaining to the harmful effects of physical inactivity. Experimental paradigms including complete immobilization and bed rest are not physiologically representative of sedentary living. A useful ‘real-world’ approach to contextualize the physiology of societal downward shifts in physical activity patterns is that of short-term daily step reduction. Results: Step-reduction studies have largely focused on musculoskeletal and metabolic health parameters, providing relevant disease models for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis. In untrained individuals, even a short-term reduction in physical activity has a significant impact on skeletal muscle protein and carbohydrate metabolism, causing anabolic resistance and peripheral insulin resistance, respectively. From a metabolic perspective, short-term inactivity-induced peripheral insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, with consequent liver triglyceride accumulation, leads to hepatic insulin resistance and a characteristic dyslipidaemia. Concomitantly, various inactivity-related factors contribute to a decline in function; a reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength. Conclusions: Physical inactivity maybe particularly deleterious in certain patient populations, such as those at high risk of T2D or in the elderly, considering concomitant sarcopenia or osteoporosis. The effects of short-term physical inactivity (with step reduction) are reversible on resumption of habitual physical activity in younger people, but less so in older adults. Nutritional interventions and resistance training offer potential strategies to prevent these deleterious metabolic and musculoskeletal effects. Impact: Individuals at high risk of/with cardiometabolic disease and older adults may be more prone to these acute periods of inactivity due to acute illness or hospitalization. Understanding the risks is paramount to implementing countermeasures.

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