scholarly journals Vascular Health Triad in Humans With Hypertension—Not the Usual Suspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushant M. Ranadive ◽  
Gabrielle A. Dillon ◽  
Sara E. Mascone ◽  
Lacy M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Resistance Arteries ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Novel Studies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Hypertension (HTN) affects more than one-third of the US population and remains the top risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Identifying the underlying mechanisms for developing HTN are of critical importance because the risk of developing CVD doubles with ∼20 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (BP). Endothelial dysfunction, especially in the resistance arteries, is the primary site for initiation of sub-clinical HTN. Furthermore, inflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) not only influence the endothelium independently, but also have a synergistic influence on each other. Together, the interplay between inflammation, ROS and vascular dysfunction is referred to as the vascular health triad, and affects BP regulation in humans. While the interplay of the vascular health triad is well established, new underlying mechanistic targets are under investigation, including: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nuclear factor activated T cells. This review outlines the role of these unusual suspects in vascular health and function in humans. This review connects the dots using these unusual suspects underlying inflammation, ROS and vascular dysfunction especially in individuals at risk of or with diagnosed HTN based on novel studies performed in humans.

scholarly journals Nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 is required for osteoclast differentiation and function in vitro but not in vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 9334-9345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungeun Yu ◽  
Stefano Zanotti ◽  
Lauren Schilling ◽  
Ernesto Canalis
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Mice Lacking the Calcineurin Inhibitor Rcan2 Have an Isolated Defect of Osteoblast Function

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (7) ◽  
pp. 3537-3548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Duncan Bassett ◽  
John G. Logan ◽  
Alan Boyde ◽  
Moira S. Cheung ◽  
Holly Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Osteoblast Function ◽  
And Function

Calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling controls the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and regulator of calcineurin-2 (Rcan2) is a physiological inhibitor of this pathway. Rcan2 expression is regulated by T3, which also has a central role in skeletal development and bone turnover. To investigate the role of Rcan2 in bone development and maintenance, we characterized Rcan2−/− mice and determined its skeletal expression in T3 receptor (TR) knockout and thyroid-manipulated mice. Rcan2−/− mice had normal linear growth but displayed delayed intramembranous ossification, impaired cortical bone formation, and reduced bone mineral accrual during development as well as increased mineralization of adult bone. These abnormalities resulted from an isolated defect in osteoblast function and are similar to skeletal phenotypes of mice lacking the type 2 deiodinase thyroid hormone activating enzyme or with dominant-negative mutations of TRα, the predominant TR isoform in bone. Rcan2 mRNA was expressed in primary osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and its expression in bone was differentially regulated in TRα and TRβ knockout and thyroid-manipulated mice. However, in primary osteoblast cultures, T3 treatment did not affect Rcan2 mRNA expression or nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 expression and phosphorylation. Overall, these studies establish that Rcan2 regulates osteoblast function and its expression in bone is regulated by thyroid status in vivo.

scholarly journals Endogenous Collagenases Regulate Osteoclast Fusion

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Hyo Jeong Kim ◽  
Youngkyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophage ◽  
Collagenase Inhibition ◽  
And Function

The precise regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function is crucial for the maintenance of healthy bone. Despite several reports of collagenase expression in bone tissues, the precise isoform expression as well as the role in osteoclasts are still unclear. In the present report, the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)8 and MMP13 was confirmed in mouse bone marrow macrophage osteoclast precursors. The mRNA and protein expressions of both collagenases were significantly reduced by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation. Notably, either inhibition of MMP expression by siRNA or treatment of cells with collagenase inhibitor Ro 32-3555 significantly augmented osteoclast fusion and resorption activity without affecting the osteoclast number. The inhibition of collagenase by Ro 32-3555 increased the expression of osteoclast fusion genes, Atp6v0d2 and Dcstamp, without affecting nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) protein expression. The enhanced osteoclast fusion by collagenase inhibition appears to be mediated through an extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway. Collectively, these data provide novel information on the regulation of osteoclast fusion process.

Vascular wall dysfunction in JCR:LA-cp rats: effects of age and insulin resistance

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. C987-C993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila F. O'brien ◽  
James C. Russell ◽  
Sandra T. Davidge
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Vascular Relaxation ◽  
Resistance Arteries ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Response ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase

We tested the hypothesis that aging and insulin resistance interact to increase vascular dysfunction by comparing the function of isolated mesenteric resistance arteries in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats and lean, insulin-sensitive rats of the same strain at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo of age. The peak constrictor responses to norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and high potassium were elevated in arteries from obese rats. Responses to these agents increased with age in both obese and lean rats. An eicosanoid constrictor contributed substantially to vasoconstriction in the arteries from both lean and obese animals. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increased the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine in both obese and lean rats. This effect increased with age in lean rats only. Vascular relaxation in response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was impaired in the obese rats and did not alter with age. The results suggest that obese JCR:LA-cp rats have enhanced maximal constriction, which originates in the arterial smooth muscle and increases with age. There is evidence that the ability of the arteries to compensate for the enhanced contractility is impaired in obese rats, particularly with advanced age.

scholarly journals BCPA {N,N′-1,4-Butanediylbis[3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide]} Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation through Increased Retention of Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase Never in Mitosis A-Interacting 1

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Cho ◽  
Jin-Kyung Lee ◽  
Jee-Young Lee ◽  
Zhihao Chen ◽  
Sun-Hee Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Osteoclast Formation ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
And Function

Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activities and it is characterized by enhanced osteoclast formation and function. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase never in mitosis A (NIMA)-interacting 1 (Pin1) is a key mediator of osteoclast cell-cell fusion via suppression of the dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). We found that N,N′-1,4-butanediylbis[3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide] (BCPA) inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. In addition, BCPA attenuated the reduction of Pin1 protein during osteoclast differentiation without changing Pin1 mRNA levels. BCPA repressed the expression of osteoclast-related genes, such as DC-STAMP and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), without altering the mRNA expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) and cellular oncogene fos (c-Fos). Furthermore, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive mononuclear cells were significantly decreased by BCPA treatment compared to treatment with the Pin1 inhibitor juglone. These data suggest that BCPA can inhibit osteoclastogenesis by regulating the expression of the DC-STAMP osteoclast fusion protein by attenuating Pin1 reduction. Therefore, BCPA may be used to treat osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Embryonic Lethality in Mice Lacking the Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 5 Protein Due to Impaired Cardiac Development and Function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. e19186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Chi Mak ◽  
Ka Man Lam ◽  
Ping Kei Chan ◽  
Yu Bond Lau ◽  
Wai Ho Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Embryonic Lethality ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and inflammation by phosvitin and phosvitin hydrolysate via NF-κB and MAPK pathways in RAW 264.7 cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiandong Ren ◽  
Subhadeep Chakrabarti ◽  
Jianping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Phosvitin (PV) is an egg protein. Our recent study showed both phosvitin and phosvitin hydrolysate (PVH) could promote osteoblast differentiation in osteoblast cells. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of PV and PVH on osteoclastogenesis and possible signalling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Both PV and PVH inhibited osteoclastogenesis (fewer tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells and lower TRAP activity), reduced levels of transcription factors, c-Fos and NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1), and suppressed inflammatory biomarkers TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The inhibitory effects of PV and PVH on RAW264.7 cells differentiation were likely mediated through p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. These results indicated that PV and PVH might inhibit bone resorption activities.  

scholarly journals Sestrin2 Regulates Osteoclastogenesis via the p62-TRAF6 Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Young Oh ◽  
Namju Kang ◽  
Jung Yun Kang ◽  
Ki Woo Kim ◽  
Jong-Hoon Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
And Function

The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) mediates osteoclast differentiation and functions by inducing Ca2+ oscillations, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activating nuclear factor of activated T-cells type c1 (NFATc1) via the RANK and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) interaction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) also plays an important role during osteoclastogenesis and Sestrin2, an antioxidant, maintains cellular homeostasis upon stress injury via regulation of ROS, autophagy, and inflammation. However, the role of Sestrin2 in osteoclastogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Sestrin2 in the RANKL-RANK-TRAF6 signaling pathway during osteoclast differentiation. Deletion of Sestrin2 (Sesn2) increased bone mass and reduced the number of multinucleated osteoclasts on bone surfaces. RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and function decreased in Sesn2 knockout (KO) bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages (BMMs) due to inhibition of NFATc1 expression, but osteoblastogenesis was not affected. mRNA expression of RANKL-induced specific osteoclastogenic genes and MAPK protein expression were lower in Sesn2 KO BMMs than wild-type (WT) BMMs after RANKL treatment. However, the Sesn2 deletion did not affect ROS generation or intracellular Ca2+ oscillations during osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, the interaction between TRAF6 and p62 was reduced during osteoclasts differentiation in Sesn2 KO BMMs. The reduction in the TRAF6/p62 interaction and TRAP activity in osteoclastogenesis in Sesn2 KO BMMs was recovered to the WT level upon expression of Flag-Sesn2 in Sesn2 KO BMMs. These results suggest that Sestrin2 has a novel role in bone homeostasis and osteoclasts differentiation through regulation of NFATc1 and the TRAF6/p62 interaction.

scholarly journals GFAT1 phosphorylation by AMPK promotes VEGF-induced angiogenesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Zibrova ◽  
Franck Vandermoere ◽  
Olga Göransson ◽  
Mark Peggie ◽  
Karina V. Mariño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Hexosamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
In Cells

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells regulates energy homeostasis, stress protection and angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Using a label-free phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) as an AMPK substrate. GFAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and as such controls the modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that AMPK controls O-GlcNAc levels and function of endothelial cells via GFAT1 phosphorylation using biochemical, pharmacological, genetic and in vitro angiogenesis approaches. Activation of AMPK in primary human endothelial cells by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) or by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) led to GFAT1 phosphorylation at serine 243. This effect was not seen when AMPK was down-regulated by siRNA. Upon AMPK activation, diminished GFAT activity and reduced O-GlcNAc levels were observed in endothelial cells containing wild-type (WT)-GFAT1 but not in cells expressing non-phosphorylatable S243A-GFAT1. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of GFAT1 potentiated VEGF-induced sprouting, indicating that GFAT1 acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis. In cells expressing S243A-GFAT1, VEGF-induced sprouting was reduced, suggesting that VEGF relieves the inhibitory action of GFAT1/HBP on angiogenesis via AMPK-mediated GFAT1 phosphorylation. Activation of GFAT1/HBP by high glucose led to impairment of vascular sprouting, whereas GFAT1 inhibition improved sprouting even if glucose level was high. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of HBP in angiogenesis. They suggest that targeting AMPK in endothelium might help to ameliorate hyperglycaemia-induced vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document