Functional Analysis of the Phosphate Transporter Gene MtPT6 From Medicago truncatula

Phosphorus is one of the essential macronutrients required by plant growth and development, but phosphate resources are finite and diminishing rapidly because of the huge need in global agriculture. In this study, 11 genes were found in the Phosphate Transporter 1 (PHT1) family of Medicago truncatula. Seven genes of the PHT1 family were available by qRT-PCR. Most of them were expressed in roots, and almost all genes were induced by low-phosphate stress in the nodule. The expression of MtPT6 was relatively high in nodules and induced by low-phosphate stress. The fusion expression of MtPT6 promoter-GUS gene in M. truncatula suggested that the expression of MtPT6 was induced in roots and nodules by phosphate starvation. In roots, MtPT6 was mainly expressed in vascular tissue and tips, and it was also expressed in cortex under low-phosphate stress; in nodules, it was mainly expressed in vascular bundles, cortical cells, and fixation zone cells. MtPT6 had a close relationship with other PHT1 family members according to amino acid alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Subcellular localization analysis in tobacco revealed that MtPT6 protein was localized to the plasma membrane. The heterologous expression of MtPT6 in Arabidopsis knockout mutants of pht1.1 and pht1.4 made seedlings more susceptible to arsenate treatment, and the phosphate concentrations in pht1.1 were higher in high phosphate condition by expressing MtPT6. We conclude that MtPT6 is a typical phosphate transporter gene and can promote phosphate acquisition efficiency of plants.

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Fractionation of cell-wall preparations from grass leaves by centrifuging in non-aqueous density gradients

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1930765 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 193 (3) ◽

pp. 765-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A H Gordon ◽

J S Bacon

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Density Gradient ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Density Gradients ◽

Roll Mill ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Polysaccharide Composition

1. Dried preparations of cell walls from perennial-ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian-ryegrass (L. multiflorum) leaves were suspended in mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with light-petroleum (b.p. 45–50 degrees C) or alcohols and layered on density gradients formed from the same solvents. 2. On centrifugation, the cell walls become distributed throughout a suitably chosen gradient. Fractions corresponding to various regions of the gradient were separated, examined under the microscope and analysed. 3. Cell-wall preparations made from leaf material ground in liquid N2, or in a triple roll mill, showed considerable heterogeneity in particle size, and their behaviour in the density gradient was variable, although there was a general indication that walls derived from vascular bundles were less dense than those from sclerenchyma. 4 Treatment in a vibratory ball mill decreased the size of the particles and produced a more uniform material, but made it impossible to distinguish the origins of the particles. This material behaved more reproducibly in the density gradient. 5. Some fractionations were also made by successive centrifugation in media of increasing relative density. 6. Analyses of the fractions obtained by each method indicated that the less dense had a greater proportion of xylose in the polysaccharide components, and higher contents of acetyl groups and lignin, confirming the close relationship between these components in plant cell walls. 7. The results show that there are differences in polysaccharide composition between the cell-wall types in the grass leaf, the vascular tissue being richer in hemicellulose relative to cellulose than the sclerenchyma.

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Knockdown of an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-inducible Phosphate Transporter Gene of Lotus japonicus Suppresses Mutualistic Symbiosis

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/pcp/pcj069 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 807-817 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Daisuke Maeda ◽

Kanae Ashida ◽

Keita Iguchi ◽

Svetlana A. Chechetka ◽

Ayaka Hijikata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽

Lotus Japonicus ◽

Phosphate Transporter ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Mutualistic Symbiosis

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Spatial-Temporal and Quantitative Analysis of Growth and EPS I Production by Ralstonia solanacearum in Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1999.89.12.1233 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 89 (12) ◽

pp. 1233-1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

J. A. McGarvey ◽

T. P. Denny ◽

M. A. Schell

Keyword(s):

Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Susceptible Cultivar ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Cell Densities ◽

Almost All ◽

Susceptible Tomato

One susceptible and two resistant cultivars of tomato were tested for differences in infection by Ralstonia solanacearum and for the subsequent multiplication, colonization, and production of the wilt-inducing virulence factor, exopolysaccharide I (EPS I). Bacterial ingress into the taproot was fastest in the susceptible cv. Marion, followed by the resistant cvs. L285 (fivefold slower) and Hawaii 7996 (15-fold slower). Once inside the taproot, R. solanacearum colonized, to some extent, almost all regions of the resistant and susceptible plants. However, colonization occurred sooner in the susceptible than in the resistant cultivars, as measured by viablecell counts of bacteria in the midstems. Rates of multiplication and maximum bacterial cell densities were also greater in the susceptible than in the resistant cultivars. Growth experiments utilizing xylem fluid from infected and uninfected plants indicated that neither antimicrobial activities nor reduced levels of growth-supporting nutrients in the xylem fluids were responsible for the reduced bacterial multiplication in the resistant cultivars. Quantification of EPS I in the infected plants, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, revealed that the bacterial populations in the susceptible cultivar produced greater amounts of EPS I per plant than those in the resistant cultivars. Immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against either EPS I or R. solanacearum cells revealed that bacteria and EPS I were distributed throughout the vascular bundles and intercellular spaces of the pith in the susceptible cultivar, whereas in the resistant cultivars, bacteria and EPS I were restricted to the vascular tissues.

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Resolving the Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866) complex with remarks on the monophyletic status of Louriniidae, Monard 1927 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5051 (1) ◽

pp. 346-386

Author(s):

SÜPHAN KARAYTUĞ ◽

SERDAR SAK ◽

ALP ALPER ◽

SERDAR SÖNMEZ

Keyword(s):

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Species Complex ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

The Other ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Nicobar Island ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Family ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Almost All

An attempt was made to test if Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866)—as it is currently diagnosed—represents a species complex. Detailed examination and comparisons of several specimens collected from different localities suggest that L. armata indeed represents a complex of four closely related morphospecies that can be differentiated from one another by only detailed observations. One of the four species is identified as Lourinia aff. armata and the other three species are described as new to science and named as Lourinia wellsi sp. nov., L. gocmeni sp. nov., and L. aldabraensis sp. nov. Detailed review of previous species records indicates that the genus Lourinia Wilson, 1924 is distributed worldwide. Ceyloniella nicobarica Sewell, 1940, originally described from Nicobar Island and previously considered a junior subjective synonym of L. armata is reinstated as Lourinia nicobarica (Sewell, 1940) comb. nov. on the basis of the unique paddle-shaped caudal ramus seta V. It is postulated that almost all of these records are unreliable in terms of representing true Lourinia aff. armata described herein. On the other hand, the comparative evaluation of the illustrations and descriptions in the published literature indicates the presence of several new species waiting to be discovered in the genus Lourinia. It has been determined that, according to updated modern keys, the recent inclusion of the monotypic genus Archeolourinia Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 in the Louriniidae is not justified since Archeolourinia shermani Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 does not belong to this family but should be assigned to the Canthocamptidae. On the other hand, it has been argued that the exact phylogenetic position of the Louriniidae still remains problematic since none of the diagnostic characters supports the monophyly of the family within the Oligoarthra. It has also been argued that the close relationship between Louriniidae and Canthocamptidae is supported since both families share the homologous sexual dimorphism (apophysis) on P3 endopod. The most important characteristic that can possibly be used to define Louriniidae is the reduction of maxilliped.

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The distribution of cytoplasmic bacteria in the early Drosophila embryo is mediated by astral microtubules

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.107.3.673 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 673-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. Callaini ◽

M.G. Riparbelli ◽

R. Dallai

Keyword(s):

Cortical Layer ◽

Drosophila Embryo ◽

Mitotic Spindles ◽

Embryo Viability ◽

Polar Bodies ◽

Early Drosophila Embryo ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Different Strains ◽

Partial Dissociation ◽

Almost All

Maternally inherited cytoplasmic bacteria have occasionally been observed in embryos and adults of different strains of several Drosophila species. While there is a considerable body of data on the relationship between bacteria and embryo viability, little is known about the behavior of these bacteria during the early development of Drosophila. In eggs laid by infected Drosophila melanogaster females we showed that cytoplasmic bacteria were initially concentrated in a thin cortical layer and scattered in the yolk region. During the following syncytial blastoderm mitoses the bacteria mainly accumulated towards the poles of the mitotic spindles, suggesting that astral microtubules play a role in localizing bacteria. This is supported by the observation that treatment of the infected embryos with the microtubule-disrupting drug colchicine led to the partial dissociation of the bacteria from the spindle poles, whereas cytochalasin treatment left almost all the bacterial clusters intact. Moreover, bacteria were not found near the polar bodies and yolk nuclei, which were without astral microtubules. In mitosis-defective embryos, with centrosomes dissociated from the nuclei, the bacteria were concentrated in association with the isolated astral microtubules, and in cold-treated embryos, in which microtubules regrew from isolated centrosomes after recovering, the bacteria clustered around the newly formed asters. These observations, also supported by electron microscope analysis, indicate a close relationship between cytoplasmic bacteria and astral microtubules, and suggest that the latter were able to build discrete cytoplasmic domains ensuring the proper distribution of cytoplasmic components during the blastoderm mitoses, despite the lack of cell membranes.

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Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Profiling, and Evolution of Phosphate Transporter Gene Family in Green Algae

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2020.590947 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Long Wang ◽

Liang Xiao ◽

Haiyan Yang ◽

Guanglei Chen ◽

Houqing Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Green Algae ◽

Expression Profiling ◽

Phosphate Transporter ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Genome Wide

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Promoter Analysis of the Barley Pht1;1 Phosphate Transporter Gene Identifies Regions Controlling Root Expression and Responsiveness to Phosphate Deprivation

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.104.045823 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 4205-4214 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

Petra H.D. Schünmann ◽

Alan E. Richardson ◽

Claudia E. Vickers ◽

Emmanuel Delhaize

Keyword(s):

Promoter Analysis ◽

Phosphate Transporter ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Phosphate Deprivation

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Cellular migration patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.110.3.713 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 713-732 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C.P. Austin ◽

C.L. Cepko

Keyword(s):

Cortical Neurons ◽

Intermediate Zone ◽

Cellular Migration ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Cortical Plate ◽

Cortical Cells ◽

Migration Patterns ◽

Embryonic Mouse ◽

Radial Migration ◽

Almost All

The migration patterns of embryonic mouse cortical cells were investigated using a replication-incompetent retrovirus vector (BAG). The lateral ventricles of embryonic day 12 mouse embryos were infected with BAG and brains were harvested 2, 3, 4 and 6 days after infection. The location and morphology of all infected cortical cells were recorded from serial sections of entire brains, which were then reconstructed in three dimensions. Examination of the distribution of labelled cells revealed that there were migration patterns characteristic of each medial-lateral domain of the cortex. In the medial and dorsal areas, migration was often radial, although tangential spread increased with survival time, in large part due to ramification of cells in the intermediate zone. In the dorsolateral and lateral areas of the cortex, radial migration was generally not observed. Rather, variable extents of tangential migration occurred, and often resulted in wide separation of cells in the cortical plate. Almost all of the cellular dispersion occurred in the intermediate zone, although a modest degree of dispersion also occurred within the cortical plate itself. Most dispersion occurred in the mediolateral plane, with relatively little dispersion along the anteroposterior axis. Though characteristic migration patterns could be defined, wide variability in the extents of radial migration and tangential separation of cells was seen. The patterns of migration paralleled the distribution of radial glial fibers in all areas, and are most likely a reflection of the role of this network in supporting the migration of cortical neurons. The extent and variability of cellular dispersion supports a lineage-independent mechanism of cortical column ontogenesis.

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PENAHANAN PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA DI BAWAH UMUR OLEH PENYIDIK DIKAITKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 3 TAHUN 1997 TENTANG PENGADILAN ANAK

DE RECHTSSTAAT ◽

10.30997/jhd.v2i2.674 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 157-170

Author(s):

Adi Sujarwo ◽

Endeh Suhartini ◽

Ju Naidi

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Justice ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Criminal Code ◽

Actual Problem ◽

Legal Perspective ◽

Close Relationship ◽

The Law ◽

Police Detention ◽

Almost All

Delinquency problem is the actual problem, in almost all the countries in the world, including Indonesia . Attention to this issue has a lot of thought poured out, either in the form of discussions and seminars which have been held by organizations or government agencies that close relationship with this problem. In a legal perspective, the problem of theft is a criminal act (delict) plaguing the society , in Article 362 Code of Criminal Law of the theft said, " Whoever took the goods wholly or partially belongs to another person , with intent to have unlawful , punishable due to theft, with a maximum imprisonment of 5 ( five ) years or a fine of nine hundred dollars. However, the rules of Article 362 Book of the Law of Criminal Law of the theft and criminal application against minors regulated in Article 26 paragraph (1), 27 and 28, paragraph (1) of Act No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice , stipulates that the maximum legal threats meted out to convicted child is ½ of the maximum threat of criminal provisions will apply. This study uses a normative approach , in that the data from the literature and from the field as input and information in order to obtain an answer. The results of this research that the detention of offenders under the age of 3 was associated with the Law No. 1997 on the Juvenile Justice conducted an investigation into juvenile delinquents by the investigator children who have an interest, attention, dedication and understanding the problem child. Legal protection of the child as a criminal in the process of investigation has not been in accordance with Law No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice. Police to interrogate suspected child should distinguish processes and work systems of the investigation and adult actors. Status of child offenders under the custody process by investigators in Bogor City Police Detention by the investigator or prosecutor young child or children with the determination of the judge, in a case and in the manner provided for in the law No.11 of 2012 and the Criminal Procedure Code, determine that the suspect or the accused may be detained. Because there is the term "may" be detained, the detention of children is not always meant to do, so in this case the investigator expected to strongly consider if the detention of children. According to Article 21 paragraph (1) Criminal Code

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Cloning and Functional Analysis of Dwarf Gene Mini Plant 1 (MNP1) in Medicago truncatula

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21144968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 4968

Author(s):

Shiqi Guo ◽

Xiaojia Zhang ◽

Quanzi Bai ◽

Weiyue Zhao ◽

Yuegenwang Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Medicago Truncatula ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Genetic Regulation ◽

Cell Number ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Dwarf Gene ◽

Model Legume ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Ga Biosynthesis

Plant height is a vital agronomic trait that greatly determines crop yields because of the close relationship between plant height and lodging resistance. Legumes play a unique role in the worldwide agriculture; however, little attention has been given to the molecular basis of their height. Here, we characterized the first dwarf mutant mini plant 1 (mnp1) of the model legume plant Medicago truncatula. Our study found that both cell length and the cell number of internodes were reduced in a mnp1 mutant. Using the forward genetic screening and subsequent whole-genome resequencing approach, we cloned the MNP1 gene and found that it encodes a putative copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) implicated in the first step of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. MNP1 was highly homologous to Pisum sativum LS. The subcellular localization showed that MNP1 was located in the chloroplast. Further analysis indicated that GA3 could significantly restore the plant height of mnp1-1, and expression of MNP1 in a cps1 mutant of Arabidopsis partially rescued its mini-plant phenotype, indicating the conservation function of MNP1 in GA biosynthesis. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the genetic regulation of plant height in M. truncatula.

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