scholarly journals Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase Using Bean Pod Mottle Virus as a Vehicle Reduces Disease on Soybean

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan McCaghey ◽  
Dandan Shao ◽  
Jake Kurcezewski ◽  
Ally Lindstrom ◽  
Ashish Ranjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Interfering Rna

A lack of complete resistance in the current germplasm complicates the management of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean. In this study, we used bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) as a vehicle to down-regulate expression of a key enzyme in the production of an important virulence factor in S. sclerotiorum, oxalic acid (OA). Specifically, we targeted a gene encoding oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (Ssoah1), because Ssoah1 deletion mutants are OA deficient and non-pathogenic on soybean. We first established that S. sclerotiorum can uptake environmental RNAs by monitoring the translocation of Cy3-labeled double-stranded and small interfering RNA (ds/siRNAs) into fungal hyphae using fluorescent confocal microscopy. This translocation led to a significant decrease in Ssoah1 transcript levels in vitro. Inoculation of soybean plants with BPMV vectors targeting Ssoah1 (pBPMV-OA) also led to decreased expression of Ssoah1. Importantly, pBPMV-OA inoculated plants showed enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum compared to empty-vector control plants. Our combined results provide evidence supporting the use of HIGS and exogenous applications of ds/siRNAs targeting virulence factors such as OA as viable strategies for the control of SSR in soybean and as discovery tools that can be used to identify previously unknown virulence factors.

scholarly journals Selection of Trichoderma spp. strains for the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1140-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Elias Haddad ◽  
Luis Garrigós Leite ◽  
Cleusa Maria Mantovanello Lucon ◽  
Ricardo Harakava
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the potential of Trichoderma spp. strains to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybeans (Glycine max) and to perform the molecular identification of the best perfoming strains. The effect of 120 strains of Trichoderma spp. on the viability of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was evaluated in vitro through immersion in suspension of conidia from the antagonists and plating in culture medium. The best performing strains were evaluated in vivo, in a greenhouse, for control of the pathogen inoculated on 'Pintado' soybean seeds and plants. Of the 120 strains tested in vitro, 22 strains of Trichoderma spp. caused 100% inhibition of sclerotia germination. In the greenhouse, five strains inhibited the negative effect of the pathogen on seed germination and two strains increased in up to 67% plant dry matter. The best performing strains were identified as T. koningiopsis (3 strains), T. asperelloides (3), T. atroviride (2), and T. virens (1). Trichoderma strains are able to protect soybean plants from the harmful effect of S. sclerotiorum and, at the same time, they can promote the growth of the aerial part in greenhouse conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of some fungicides against the growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial compatibility groups

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Dalili ◽  
Saeed Bakhtiari ◽  
Hossein Barari ◽  
Majid Aldaghi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Mycelial Compatibility

Abstract Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot, is one of the most important pathogens of Brassica napus L. in northern Iran. In this study, 13 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) of the fungus were identified among 31 isolates sampled from four regions of Mazandaran province, Iran. Effective fungicides are useful in the integrated management of the disease. So, the effect of tebuconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, and Rovral-TS at five doses (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm) was studied on the growth inhibition of S. sclerotiorum as in vitro tests. Maximum inhibition (100%) of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was obtained by the highest dose (1 ppm) of all tested fungicides, as well as by the doses of 0.1 and 0.01 ppm of propiconazole, cyproconazole, and tebuconazole. In this investigation, the reaction of S. sclerotiorum isolates belonging to different MCGs was evaluated against tebuconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, and Rovral-TS at their EC50 ranges. The results revealed that there was high variation of S. sclerotiorum MCGs against different fungicides. The inhibition percentage varied between 4.29% and 71.72%.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean Cultivars to Bean pod mottle virus Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy D. Ziems ◽  
Loren J. Giesler ◽  
George L. Graef ◽  
Margaret G. Redinbaugh ◽  
Jean L. Vacha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
The North ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has become increasingly common in soybean throughout the north-central region of the United States. Yield loss assessments on southern soybean germplasm have reported reductions ranging from 3 to 52%. Currently, no soybean cultivars have been identified with resistance to BPMV. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of BPMV infection on soybean cultivars representing a broad range of northern soybean germ-plasm by comparing inoculated and noninoculated soybean plants in paired row studies. In all, 30 and 24 cultivars were evaluated in Nebraska (NE) in which soybean plants were inoculated at the V3 to V4 growth stage. Eleven cultivars from public and breeding lines were inoculated at the VC and R5 to R6 growth stages in Ohio (OH). Disease severity, yield, and percent seed coat mottling were assessed at both locations, whereas protein and oil content also were assessed at NE. Yield and percent seed coat mottling was significantly reduced following inoculation at the VC (OH) and V3 to V4 (NE) growth stages. In addition, seed oil and protein composition were impacted in 1 of the 2 years of the study. This study demonstrates that substantial yield losses can occur in soybean due to BPMV infection. In addition, protein and oil may be affected depending on the environment during the production season.

scholarly journals Effects of the Novel Fungicide Benzothiostrobin on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Laboratory and on Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Rape Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congying Xu ◽  
Xiaoyu Liang ◽  
Yiping Hou ◽  
Mingguo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

We determined the effects and efficacy of benzothiostrobin, a new strobilurin-derived fungicide, against the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot). Mycelial growth and sclerotial germination in vitro were strongly inhibited by benzothiostrobin in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid. On detached rapeseed leaves, benzothiostrobin at 40 μg/ml reduced lesion development by 87%. No cross-resistance was detected between benzothiostrobin and carbendazim, iprodione, fludioxonil, or boscalid. A formulated mixture of benzothiostrobin and fluazinam at 1:1 had synergistic activity against S. sclerotiorum in vitro. In field trials, benzothiostrobin alone or formulated with fluazinam at 1:1 (150 g a.i. ha−1) was significantly (P < 0.05) superior to iprodione in controlling Sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed. These results suggest that benzothiostrobin has substantial potential for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Seed Coat Mottling in Soybean Plants Inoculated with Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1333-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Hobbs ◽  
G. L. Hartman ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
C. B. Hill ◽  
R. L. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Soybean Seed Coat

Soybean seed coat mottling often has been a problematic symptom for soybean growers and the soybean industry. The percentages of seed in eight soybean lines with seed coat mottling were evaluated at harvest after inoculating plants during the growing season with Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), and both viruses inside an insect-proof cage in the field. Results from experiments conducted over 2 years indicated that plants infected with BPMV and SMV, alone or in combination, produced seed coat mottling, whereas noninoculated plants produced little or no mottled seed. BPMV and SMV inoculated on the same plants did not always result in higher percentages of mottled seed compared with BPMV or SMV alone. There was significant virus, line, and virus-line interaction for seed coat mottling. The non-seed-coat-mottling gene (Im) in Williams isoline L77-5632 provided limited, if any, protection against mottling caused by SMV and none against BPMV. The Peanut mottle virus resistance gene Rpv1 in Williams isoline L85-2308 did not give any protection against mottling caused by SMV, whereas the SMV resistance gene Rsv1 in Williams isoline L78-379 and the resistance gene or genes in the small-seeded line L97-946 gave high levels of protection against mottling caused by SMV. The correlations (r = 0.77 for year 2000 and r = 0.89 for year 2001) between virus infection of the parent plant and seed coat mottling were significant (P = 0.01), indicating that virus infection of plants caused seed coat mottling.

scholarly journals Distribution of Leaf-Feeding Beetles and Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in Illinois and Transmission of BPMV in Soybean

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Mabry ◽  
H. A. Hobbs ◽  
T. A. Steinlage ◽  
B. B. Johnson ◽  
W. L. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The State ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Cerotoma Trifurcata ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
East Central ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Central Illinois

Bean leaf beetles (BLB; Cerotoma trifurcata) were collected in soybean (Glycine max) fields in 58 and 99 Illinois counties surveyed during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, respectively. In 2000, BLB counts were highest in the central portion of the state. BLB counts were lower the following year, but were more uniformly distributed throughout the state. BLB tested positive for Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in 37 of 41 counties assayed in 2000. In 2001, BLB tested positive for BPMV in 86 of 99 counties sampled. In 2000 and 2001, western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults were abundant in soybean fields only in east central Illinois. WCR adults tested positive for BPMV in 21 of 21 east central Illinois counties in 2000 and 20 of 24 sampled in 2001. BPMV was detected in soybean plants in 38 of 46 counties sampled in 2000. Field-collected WCR adults transmitted BPMV to potted soybean plants at low rates either directly from BPMV-infected soybean fields or with prior feeding on BPMV-infected plants. This is the first report of the distribution of BLB, WCR adults, and BPMV in Illinois and of BPMV transmission by adult WCR.

scholarly journals The NtcA-Dependent P1 Promoter Is Utilized for glnA Expression in N2-Fixing Heterocysts of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (21) ◽  
pp. 7337-7343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Valladares ◽  
Alicia M. Muro-Pastor ◽  
Antonia Herrero ◽  
Enrique Flores
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Multiple Promoters ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Anabaena Sp ◽  
Pcc 7120

ABSTRACT Expression of the glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism, is subject to a variety of regulatory mechanisms in different organisms. In the filamentous, N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, glnA is expressed from multiple promoters that generate several transcripts whose abundance is influenced by NtcA, the transcription factor exerting global nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. Whereas RNAI originates from a canonical NtcA-dependent promoter (P1) and RNAII originates from a σ70-type promoter (P2), RNAIV is influenced by NtcA but the corresponding promoter (P3) does not have the structure of NtcA-activated promoters. Using RNA isolated from Anabaena filaments grown under different nitrogen regimens, we observed, in addition to these transcripts, RNAV, which has previously been detected only in in vitro transcription assays and should originate from P4. However, in heterocysts, which are differentiated cells specialized in N2 fixation, RNAI was the almost exclusive glnA transcript. Analysis of P glnA ::lacZ fusions containing different fragments of the glnA upstream region confirmed that fragments carrying P1, P2, or P3 and P4 have the ability to promote transcription. Mutation of the NtcA-binding site in P1 eliminated P1-directed transcription and allowed increased use of P2. The NtcA-binding site in the P1 promoter and binding of NtcA to this site appear to be key factors in determining glnA gene expression in vegetative cells and heterocysts.

POLYMORPHIC FORMS OF THE BEAN LEAF BEETLE, CEROTOMA TRIFURCATA (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN SOYBEANS IN MISSISSIPPI: TRANSMISSION OF BEAN POD MOTTLE VIRUS.1

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry N. Pitre
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Cerotoma Trifurcata ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Bean Leaf Beetle ◽  
Polymorphic Forms ◽  
Soybean Plants

A field population of bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), adults on soybean, cv. Lee, in north Mississippi showed consistent frequencies of occurrence of polymorphic forms during the growing season. The greatest percentage of beetles were in the beige with spots category (62%), followed in order by beige without spots (27%), crimson with spots (8%), and crimson without spots (3%). Field-collected adults experimentally transmitted bean pod mottle virus from infected soybean plants, cv. Bragg, to healthy seedlings (1st trifoliolate) after a 24-h acquisition feeding on virus infected source plants with equal degrees of polymorph transmission efficiency (29 - 35%, n.s.).

scholarly journals A Putative Defective Interfering RNA from Bean pod mottle virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1309-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya P. Sundararaman ◽  
Martina V. Strömvik ◽  
Lila O. Vodkin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Nucleotide Level ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Significant Homology ◽  
Defective Interfering Rna ◽  
Interfering Rna

A putative defective interfering (DI) RNA from the Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) was discovered by screening of random cDNA clones in a soybean cDNA library. This was unexpected because the library was constructed from mRNA of visually healthy soybean pods. The insert in the cDNA clone, VS-16, is not present in the soybean genome but showed strong mRNA expression in pod tissue of soybean and in bean leaf beetles collected in the field. Analysis of the VS-16 sequence reveals that it has significant homology to the 3.66-kb BPMV RNA-2. A 2-kb region has been deleted in VS-16, and other regions of the viral RNA genome have been rearranged to yield a putative defective interfering RNA (DI RNA) of 1.35 kb. The three regions of VS-16 are 95.8, 77.8, and 85.6% identical at the nucleotide level to the corresponding regions of BPMV RNA-2. This is the first report of a DI RNA from the comovirus group of plant viruses. It may be helpful in antivirus efforts for soybean, especially since there are increasing numbers of reports of BPMV in soybeans in the midwestern United States.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity and Control Efficacy of Various Group of Fungicides against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Oilseed Rape Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1758
Author(s):  
Nazanin Zamani-Noor
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
And Control

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease of oilseed rape that may cause significant yield losses if not controlled by cultural management strategies and fungicide applications. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different group of fungicides as well as a biopesticide, including azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin/tebuconazole, boscalid/pyraclostrobin, prothioconazole/fluopyram and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, on baseline sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum isolates under in-vitro conditions as well as control of SSR in the field. Artificial inoculation and mist irrigation prompt to reproducible SSR infection in oilseed rape cultivation. All compounds significantly reduced 36.7% to 86.9% SSR severity and increased 55.2% to 98.7% yield, 1.5% to 7.0% thousand grain-weight, 1.5% to 5.9% oil and 0.1% to 1.3% protein content. Fludioxonil, boscalid/pyraclostrobin and fluopyram/prothioconazole achieved strongest fungicidal activity against SSR. The biopesticide provided 36% of disease control. Under in vitro conditions, B. amyloliquefaciens not only strongly inhibited mycelial growth but also the formation of sclerotia in all concentrations. Boscalid and fludioxonil exhibited the highest level of fungicidal activity against S. sclerotiorum, with mean EC50 values of 1.23 and 1.60 μg a.s. mL−1. The highest variability of EC50 values between isolates was observed towards prothioconazole and azoxystrobin.

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