scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Aragón ◽  
Damien Formey ◽  
Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar ◽  
Martha Torres ◽  
Mario Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Solute Permeability ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Upregulated Genes

The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.

scholarly journals LMM24 Encodes Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase 109, Which Regulates Cell Death and Defense Responses in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Qunen Liu ◽  
Yingxin Zhang ◽  
Yuyu Chen ◽  
Ning Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Mutant Pool ◽  
Defense Response Genes

Lesion mimic mutants are excellent models for research on molecular mechanisms of cell death and defense responses in rice. We identified a new rice lesion mimic mutant lmm24 from a mutant pool of indica rice cultivar “ZhongHui8015”. The LMM24 gene was identified by MutMap, and LMM24 was confirmed as a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 109 by amino acid sequence analysis. The lmm24 mutant displayed dark brown lesions in leaves and growth retardation that were not observed in wild-type ZH8015. The results of histochemical staining and TUNEL assays showed enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death in lmm24. Chloroplast degradation was observed in lmm24 leaves, with decreased expression of photosynthesis-related genes and increased expression of the senescence-induced STAYGREEN (SGR) gene and other senescence-associated genes. Furthermore, lmm24 exhibited enhanced resistance to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and up-regulation of defense response genes. Our data demonstrate that LMM24 regulates cell death and defense responses in rice.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit with Candida saitoana and Induction of Defense Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Ghaouth ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Michael Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Induce Systemic Resistance ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Lag Period

The ability of Candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. To separate the antagonistic activity of C. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. In fresh apples, C. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with B. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by B. cinerea. When applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with B. cinerea, however, C. saitoana reduced lesion diameter by more than 50 and 70%, respectively, compared with wounding. C. saitoana had no effect on lesion development on stored apples, regardless of the lag period between yeast treatment and inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition to inducing systemic resistance, C. saitoana increased chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities with a higher accumulation in fresh than in stored apples. In fresh apples, the onset of systemic resistance to B. cinerea coincided with the increase in chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in systemically protected tissue. These studies show that C. saitoana is capable of inducing systemic resistance in apple fruit and indirectly suggest that antifungal hydrolases are involved in the observed systemic protection.

scholarly journals Function of miR825 and miR825* as Negative Regulators in Bacillus cereus AR156-elicited Systemic Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingping Nie ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qian Yin ◽  
Chunhao Jiang ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Negative Regulators ◽  
Callose Deposition

Small RNAs function to regulate plant defense responses to pathogens. We previously showed that miR825 and miR825* downregulate Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156)-triggered systemic resistance to Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Here, Northern blotting revealed that miR825 and miR825* were more strongly downregulated in wild type Arabidopsis Col-0 (Col-0) plants pretreated with AR156 than in nontreated plants upon Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) B1301 infection. Furthermore, compared with Col-0, transgenic plants with attenuated miR825 and miR825* expression were more resistant to B. cinerea B1301, yet miR825- and miR825*-overexpressing (OE) plants were more susceptible to the pathogen. With AR156 pretreatment, the transcription of four defense-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2) and cellular defense responses (hydrogen peroxide production and callose deposition) were faster and stronger in miR825 and miR825* knockdown lines but weaker in their OE plants than in Col-0 plants upon pathogen attack. Also, AR156 pretreatment caused stronger phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 and expression of FRK1 and WRKY53 genes upon B. cinerea B1301 inoculation in miR825 and miR825* knockdown plants than in Col-0 plants. Additionally, the assay of agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that AT5G40910, AT5G38850, AT3G04220, and AT5G44940 are target genes of miR825 or miR825*. Compared with Col-0, the target mutant lines showed higher susceptibility to B. cinerea B1301, while still expressing AR156-triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR). The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant (P < 0.01) interactive effect of treatment and genotype on the defense responses. Hence, miR825 and miR825*act as negative regulators of AR156-mediated systemic resistance to B. cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Volatile C6-aldehydes and Allo-ocimene Activate Defense Genes and Induce Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyutaro Kishimoto ◽  
Kenji Matsui ◽  
Rika Ozawa ◽  
Junji Takabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Induce Resistance

scholarly journals Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lorrai ◽  
Fedra Francocci ◽  
Kay Gully ◽  
Helle J. Martens ◽  
Giulia De Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Cuticle Ultrastructure ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidase

Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.

scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling reveals conserved and species-specific plant defense responses during the interaction of the early divergent plant Physcomitrium patens with Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Reboledo ◽  
Astrid Agorio ◽  
Lucía Vignale ◽  
Ramón Alberto Batista-García ◽  
Inés Ponce De León
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Pathogen Invasion

AbstractBryophytes were among the first plants that colonized earth and they evolved key defense mechanisms to counteract microbial pathogens present in the new environment. Although great advances have been made on pathogen perception and subsequent defense activation in angiosperms, limited information is available in early divergent land plants. In this study, a transcriptomic approach uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense response of the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens against the important plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. A total of 3.072 differentially expressed genes were significantly affected during B. cinerea infection, including genes encoding proteins with known function in angiosperm immunity and involved in pathogen perception, signaling, transcription, hormonal signaling, metabolic pathways such as shikimate and phenylpropanoid, and proteins with diverse role in defense against biotic stress. Similarly as in other plants, B. cinerea infection leads to downregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and cell cycle progression. These results highlight the existence of evolutionary conserved defense responses to pathogens throughout the green plant lineage, suggesting that they were probably present in the common ancestors of land plants. Moreover, several genes acquired by horizontal transfer from prokaryotes and fungi, and a high number of P. patens-specific orphan genes were differentially expressed during B. cinerea infection, indicating that they are part of the moss immune response and probably played an ancestral role related to effective adaptation mechanisms to cope with pathogen invasion during the conquest of land.Key MessageEvolutionary conserved defense mechanisms present in extant bryophytes and angiosperms, as well as moss-specific defenses are part of the immune response of the early divergent land plant Physcomitrium patens.

scholarly journals Improved Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea by Grapevine-Associated Bacteria that Induce a Prime Oxidative Burst and Phytoalexin Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Verhagen ◽  
Patricia Trotel-Aziz ◽  
Philippe Jeandet ◽  
Fabienne Baillieul ◽  
Aziz Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Local And Systemic Resistance ◽  
Priming Activity

Bacteria such as Pantoea agglomerans (Pa-AF2), Bacillus subtilis (Bs-271), Acinetobacter lwoffii (Al-113), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CT2), originating from the vineyard, can induce defense responses and enhance resistance of grapevine against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The perception of these bacteria by plant cells or tissues in relation to their activities remains unknown. In this study, we examined the relationships between the activity of each bacterium to induce or prime some defense responses, and its effectiveness to induce resistance in grapevine against B. cinerea. We showed that all selected bacteria are capable of inducing early oxidative burst and phytoalexin (trans-resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin) production in grapevine cells and leaves. Pf-CT2 and Al-113 induced higher H2O2 and trans-resveratrol accumulations, and were able to further prime plants for accelerated phytoalexin production after B. cinerea challenge. These two bacteria were also the most effective in inducing local and systemic resistance. A similar level of induced resistance was observed with live Pa-AF2 which also induced but not primed a greater accumulation of trans-resveratrol. However, Bs-271, which was less effective in inducing resistance, induced a lower trans-resveratrol synthesis, without priming activity. Treatment of grapevine cells with growing medium or crude extract of the bacteria quickly and strongly enhanced oxidative burst compared with the live bacteria. However, both treatments resulted in comparable amounts of phytoalexins and induced local and systemic resistance to B. cinerea as compared with those induced by living bacteria, with extracts from Pf-CT2 and Al-113 being the most effective. Together, these results indicate that induced resistance can be improved by treatment with bacteria or derived compounds which induced or primed plants for enhanced phytoalexin accumulation.

scholarly journals Regulatory Network Identification, Promoter and Expression Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 in Defense Responses against Stresses

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Amir G. SHAHRIARI ◽  
Aminallah TAHMASEBI ◽  
Sima SAZEGARI
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Microarray Data Analysis ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) phytohormones have been known for their roles in plant defense behaviour against biotic and abiotic stresses. They regulate defense pathways by antagonistic interaction. NPR1 as a key regulatory factor in the cross-talk between SA and JA, signaling is essential for the inhibition of JA-responsive gene expression by SA. In silico promoter analysis of 1.5 kb promoter regions of NPR1 gene revealed that NPR1 contains 23 MYB and 20 WRKY transcription factor binding sites. Different cis-elements associated with various stress responses were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1. The most common element was allocated to the defense responses against biotic stresses. Based on gene network analysis, NPR1, TGA2 and TGA3 were predicted to have functional cooperation with each other. Affymetrix microarray data analysis of A. thaliana under SA treatment demonstrated that most genes involved in NPR1 network are up-regulated under SA treatment. Therefore, interaction and cooperation between these factors might serve to fine-tune regulation of defense and immune responses against biotic and abiotic stresses.  

scholarly journals Erwinia amylovora Type Three–Secreted Proteins Trigger Cell Death and Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1076-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Degrave ◽  
M. Fagard ◽  
C. Perino ◽  
M. N. Brisset ◽  
S. Gaubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Ros Accumulation

Erwinia amylovora is the bacterium responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease affecting plants of the rosaceous family. E. amylovora pathogenicity requires a functional type three secretion system (T3SS). We show here that E. amylovora triggers a T3SS-dependent cell death on Arabidopsis thaliana. The plants respond by inducing T3SS-dependent defense responses, including salicylic acid (SA)-independent callose deposition, activation of the SA defense pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and part of the jasmonic acid/ethylene defense pathway. Several of these reactions are similar to what is observed in host plants. We show that the cell death triggered by E. amylovora on A. thaliana could not be simply explained by the recognition of AvrRpt2ea by the resistance gene product RPS2. We then analyzed the role of type three-secreted proteins (T3SPs) DspA/E, HrpN, and HrpW in the induction of cell death and defense reactions in A. thaliana following infection with the corresponding E. amylovora mutant strains. HrpN and DspA/E were found to play an important role in the induction of cell death, activation of defense pathways, and ROS accumulation. None of the T3SPs tested played a major role in the induction of SA-independent callose deposition. The relative importance of T3SPs in A. thaliana is correlated with their relative importance in the disease process on host plants, indicating that A. thaliana can be used as a model to study their role.

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