scholarly journals Regulatory Network Identification, Promoter and Expression Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 in Defense Responses against Stresses

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Amir G. SHAHRIARI ◽  
Aminallah TAHMASEBI ◽  
Sima SAZEGARI
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Microarray Data Analysis ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) phytohormones have been known for their roles in plant defense behaviour against biotic and abiotic stresses. They regulate defense pathways by antagonistic interaction. NPR1 as a key regulatory factor in the cross-talk between SA and JA, signaling is essential for the inhibition of JA-responsive gene expression by SA. In silico promoter analysis of 1.5 kb promoter regions of NPR1 gene revealed that NPR1 contains 23 MYB and 20 WRKY transcription factor binding sites. Different cis-elements associated with various stress responses were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1. The most common element was allocated to the defense responses against biotic stresses. Based on gene network analysis, NPR1, TGA2 and TGA3 were predicted to have functional cooperation with each other. Affymetrix microarray data analysis of A. thaliana under SA treatment demonstrated that most genes involved in NPR1 network are up-regulated under SA treatment. Therefore, interaction and cooperation between these factors might serve to fine-tune regulation of defense and immune responses against biotic and abiotic stresses.  

scholarly journals Serendipita indica changes host sugar and defense status in Arabidopsis thaliana: cooperation or exploitation?

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 253 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Opitz ◽  
Roshanak Daneshkhah ◽  
Cindy Lorenz ◽  
Roland Ludwig ◽  
Siegrid Steinkellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

Abstract Main conclusion Manipulation of sugar metabolism upon S. indica root colonization triggers changes in sugar pools and defense responses in A. thaliana. Abstract Serendipita indica is an endophytic fungus that establishes mutualistic relationships with many different plants including important crops as well as the model plant A. thaliana. Successful root colonization typically results in growth promotion and enhanced tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The fungus delivers phosphorus to the host and receives in exchange carbohydrates. There are hints that S. indica prefers hexoses, glucose, and fructose, products of saccharose cleavage driven by invertases (INVs) and sucrose synthases (SUSs). Carbohydrate metabolism in this interaction, however, remains still widely unexplored. Therefore, in this work, the sugar pools as well as the expression of SUSs and cytosolic INVs in plants colonized by S. indica were analyzed. Using sus1/2/3/4 and cinv1/2 mutants the importance of these genes for the induction of growth promotion and proper root colonization was demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression of several defense-related marker genes in both multiple mutants in comparison to the wild-type plants was determined. Our results show that in colonized A. thaliana plants S. indica manipulates the sugar metabolism by altering the expression of host’s INV and SUS and modulates both the sugar pools and plant defense in its favor. We conclude that the interaction A. thaliana–S. indica is a balancing act between cooperation and exploitation, in which sugar metabolism plays a crucial role. Small changes in this mechanism can lead to severe disruption resulting in the lack of growth promotion or altered colonization rate.

scholarly journals Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8568
Author(s):  
Yun Wang ◽  
Salma Mostafa ◽  
Wen Zeng ◽  
Biao Jin
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of 14-3-3 Genes in Citrus sinensis and Their Responses to Different Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Shiheng Lyu ◽  
Guixin Chen ◽  
Dongming Pan ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Wenqin She
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Specific Expression

14-3-3 proteins (14-3-3s) are among the most important phosphorylated molecules playing crucial roles in regulating plant development and defense responses to environmental constraints. No report thus far has documented the gene family of 14-3-3s in Citrus sinensis and their roles in response to stresses. In this study, nine 14-3-3 genes, designated as CitGF14s (CitGF14a through CitGF14i) were identified from the latest C. sinensis genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into ε-like and non-ε groups, which were supported by gene structure analysis. The nine CitGF14s were located on five chromosomes, and none had duplication. Publicly available RNA-Seq raw data and microarray databases were mined for 14-3-3 expression profiles in different organs of citrus and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. RT-qPCR was used for further examining spatial expression patterns of CitGF14s in citrus and their temporal expressions in one-year-old C. sinensis “Xuegan” plants after being exposed to different biotic and abiotic stresses. The nine CitGF14s were expressed in eight different organs with some isoforms displayed tissue-specific expression patterns. Six of the CitGF14s positively responded to citrus canker infection (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri). The CitGF14s showed expressional divergence after phytohormone application and abiotic stress treatments, suggesting that 14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitous regulators in C. sinensis. Using the yeast two-hybrid assay, CitGF14a, b, c, d, g, and h were found to interact with CitGF14i proteins to form a heterodimer, while CitGF14i interacted with itself to form a homodimer. Further analysis of CitGF14s co-expression and potential interactors established a 14-3-3s protein interaction network. The established network identified 14-3-3 genes and several candidate clients which may play an important role in developmental regulation and stress responses in this important fruit crop. This is the first study of 14-3-3s in citrus, and the established network may help further investigation of the roles of 14-3-3s in response to abiotic and biotic constraints.

scholarly journals Proteomics and Metabolomics Studies on the Biotic Stress Responses of Rice: an Update

Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieu Thi Xuan Vo ◽  
Md Mizanor Rahman ◽  
Md Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
Kieu Thi Thuy Trinh ◽  
Sun Tae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Stress Agent ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractBiotic stresses represent a serious threat to rice production to meet global food demand and thus pose a major challenge for scientists, who need to understand the intricate defense mechanisms. Proteomics and metabolomics studies have found global changes in proteins and metabolites during defense responses of rice exposed to biotic stressors, and also reported the production of specific secondary metabolites (SMs) in some cultivars that may vary depending on the type of biotic stress and the time at which the stress is imposed. The most common changes were seen in photosynthesis which is modified differently by rice plants to conserve energy, disrupt food supply for biotic stress agent, and initiate defense mechanisms or by biotic stressors to facilitate invasion and acquire nutrients, depending on their feeding style. Studies also provide evidence for the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photorespiration and photosynthesis which can broaden our understanding on the balance of ROS production and scavenging in rice-pathogen interaction. Variation in the generation of phytohormones is also a key response exploited by rice and pathogens for their own benefit. Proteomics and metabolomics studies in resistant and susceptible rice cultivars upon pathogen attack have helped to identify the proteins and metabolites related to specific defense mechanisms, where choosing of an appropriate method to identify characterized or novel proteins and metabolites is essential, considering the outcomes of host-pathogen interactions. Despites the limitation in identifying the whole repertoire of responsive metabolites, some studies have shed light on functions of resistant-specific SMs. Lastly, we illustrate the potent metabolites responsible for resistance to different biotic stressors to provide valuable targets for further investigation and application.

scholarly journals Alternative splicing landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana across tissues and stress conditions highlight major functional differences with animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiomar Martín ◽  
Yamile Márquez ◽  
Federica Mantica ◽  
Paula Duque ◽  
Manuel Irimia
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Intron Retention ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Exon Skipping ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Abstract Background Alternative splicing (AS) is a widespread regulatory mechanism in multicellular organisms. Numerous transcriptomic and single-gene studies in plants have investigated AS in response to specific conditions, especially environmental stress, unveiling substantial amounts of intron retention that modulate gene expression. However, a comprehensive study contrasting stress-response and tissue-specific AS patterns and directly comparing them with those of animal models is still missing. Results We generate a massive resource for Arabidopsis thaliana, PastDB, comprising AS and gene expression quantifications across tissues, development and environmental conditions, including abiotic and biotic stresses. Harmonized analysis of these datasets reveals that A. thaliana shows high levels of AS, similar to fruitflies, and that, compared to animals, disproportionately uses AS for stress responses. We identify core sets of genes regulated specifically by either AS or transcription upon stresses or among tissues, a regulatory specialization that is tightly mirrored by the genomic features of these genes. Unexpectedly, non-intron retention events, including exon skipping, are overrepresented across regulated AS sets in A. thaliana, being also largely involved in modulating gene expression through NMD and uORF inclusion. Conclusions Non-intron retention events have likely been functionally underrated in plants. AS constitutes a distinct regulatory layer controlling gene expression upon internal and external stimuli whose target genes and master regulators are hardwired at the genomic level to specifically undergo post-transcriptional regulation. Given the higher relevance of AS in the response to different stresses when compared to animals, this molecular hardwiring is likely required for a proper environmental response in A. thaliana.

scholarly journals Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-475
Author(s):  
Efat Zohra ◽  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Ahmad A. Omar ◽  
Mujahid Hussain ◽  
Seema Hassan Satti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Selenium Nanoparticles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Potential Applications

Abstract In the present era, due to the increasing incidence of environmental stresses worldwide, the developmental growth and production of agriculture crops may be restrained. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have precedence over other nanoparticles because of the significant role of selenium in activating the defense system of plants. In addition to beneficial microorganisms, the use of biogenic SeNPs is known as an environmentally friendly and ecologically biocompatible approach to enhance crop production by alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses. This review provides the latest development in the green synthesis of SeNPs by using the results of plant secondary metabolites in the biogenesis of nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes with unique morphologies. Unfortunately, green synthesized SeNPs failed to achieve significant attention in the agriculture sector. However, research studies were performed to explore the application potential of plant-based SeNPs in alleviating drought, salinity, heavy metal, heat stresses, and bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. This review also explains the mechanistic actions that the biogenic SeNPs acquire to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this review article, the future research that needs to use plant-mediated SeNPs under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Genome-wide in silico identification and expression analysis of beta-galactosidase family members in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyun Hou ◽  
Taifeng Du ◽  
Zhen Qin ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Aixian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Abstract Background Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) serves as an important food source for human beings. β-galactosidase (bgal) is a glycosyl hydrolase involved in cell wall modification, which plays essential roles in plant development and environmental stress adaptation. However, the function of bgal genes in sweetpotato remains unclear. Results In this study, 17 β-galactosidase genes (Ibbgal) were identified in sweetpotato, which were classified into seven subfamilies using interspecific phylogenetic and comparative analysis. The promoter regions of Ibbgals harbored several stress, hormone and light responsive cis-acting elements. Quantitative real-time PCR results displayed that Ibbgal genes had the distinct expression patterns across different tissues and varieties. Moreover, the expression profiles under various hormonal treatments, abiotic and biotic stresses were highly divergent in leaves and root. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggested that Ibbgals might play an important role in plant development and stress responses, which provided evidences for further study of bgal function and sweetpotato breeding.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Analysis in Hydrogen Peroxide Overproducing Transgenic Tobacco Resistant to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Ana L. Villagómez-Aranda ◽  
Luis F. García-Ortega ◽  
Irineo Torres-Pacheco ◽  
Ramón G. Guevara-González
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

Epigenetic regulation is a key component of stress responses, acclimatization and adaptation processes in plants. DNA methylation is a stable mark plausible for the inheritance of epigenetic traits, such that it is a potential scheme for plant breeding. However, the effect of modulators of stress responses, as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the methylome status has not been elucidated. A transgenic tobacco model to the CchGLP gene displayed high H2O2 endogen levels correlated with biotic and abiotic stresses resistance. The present study aimed to determine the DNA methylation status changes in the transgenic model to obtain more information about the molecular mechanism involved in resistance phenotypes. The Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed a minimal impact of overall levels and distribution of methylation. A total of 9432 differential methylated sites were identified in distinct genome regions, most of them in CHG context, with a trend to hypomethylation. Of these, 1117 sites corresponded to genes, from which 83 were also differentially expressed in the plants. Several genes were associated with respiration, energy, and calcium signaling. The data obtained highlighted the relevance of the H2O2 in the homeostasis of the system in stress conditions, affecting at methylation level and suggesting an association of the H2O2 in the physiological adaptation to stress functional linkages may be regulated in part by DNA methylation.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide function during oxygen deprivation in physiological and stress processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Manrique-Gil ◽  
Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente ◽  
Isabel Torres-Quezada ◽  
Oscar Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Proteolytic Pathway ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Plants are aerobic organisms that have evolved to maintain specific requirements for oxygen (O2), leading to a correct respiratory energy supply during growth and development. There are certain plant developmental cues and biotic or abiotic stress responses where O2 is scarce. This O2 deprivation known as hypoxia may occur in hypoxic niches of plant-specific tissues and during adverse environmental cues such as pathogen attack and flooding. In general, plants respond to hypoxia through a complex reprogramming of their molecular activities with the aim of reducing the impact of stress on their physiological and cellular homeostasis. This review focuses on the fine-tuned regulation of hypoxia triggered by a network of gaseous compounds that includes O2, ethylene, and nitric oxide. In view of recent scientific advances, we summarize the molecular mechanisms mediated by phytoglobins and by the N-degron proteolytic pathway, focusing on embryogenesis, seed imbibition, and germination, and also specific structures, most notably root apical and shoot apical meristems. In addition, those biotic and abiotic stresses that comprise hypoxia are also highlighted.

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