scholarly journals Improved Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea by Grapevine-Associated Bacteria that Induce a Prime Oxidative Burst and Phytoalexin Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Verhagen ◽  
Patricia Trotel-Aziz ◽  
Philippe Jeandet ◽  
Fabienne Baillieul ◽  
Aziz Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Local And Systemic Resistance ◽  
Priming Activity

Bacteria such as Pantoea agglomerans (Pa-AF2), Bacillus subtilis (Bs-271), Acinetobacter lwoffii (Al-113), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CT2), originating from the vineyard, can induce defense responses and enhance resistance of grapevine against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The perception of these bacteria by plant cells or tissues in relation to their activities remains unknown. In this study, we examined the relationships between the activity of each bacterium to induce or prime some defense responses, and its effectiveness to induce resistance in grapevine against B. cinerea. We showed that all selected bacteria are capable of inducing early oxidative burst and phytoalexin (trans-resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin) production in grapevine cells and leaves. Pf-CT2 and Al-113 induced higher H2O2 and trans-resveratrol accumulations, and were able to further prime plants for accelerated phytoalexin production after B. cinerea challenge. These two bacteria were also the most effective in inducing local and systemic resistance. A similar level of induced resistance was observed with live Pa-AF2 which also induced but not primed a greater accumulation of trans-resveratrol. However, Bs-271, which was less effective in inducing resistance, induced a lower trans-resveratrol synthesis, without priming activity. Treatment of grapevine cells with growing medium or crude extract of the bacteria quickly and strongly enhanced oxidative burst compared with the live bacteria. However, both treatments resulted in comparable amounts of phytoalexins and induced local and systemic resistance to B. cinerea as compared with those induced by living bacteria, with extracts from Pf-CT2 and Al-113 being the most effective. Together, these results indicate that induced resistance can be improved by treatment with bacteria or derived compounds which induced or primed plants for enhanced phytoalexin accumulation.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit with Candida saitoana and Induction of Defense Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Ghaouth ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Michael Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Induce Systemic Resistance ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Lag Period

The ability of Candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. To separate the antagonistic activity of C. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. In fresh apples, C. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with B. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by B. cinerea. When applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with B. cinerea, however, C. saitoana reduced lesion diameter by more than 50 and 70%, respectively, compared with wounding. C. saitoana had no effect on lesion development on stored apples, regardless of the lag period between yeast treatment and inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition to inducing systemic resistance, C. saitoana increased chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities with a higher accumulation in fresh than in stored apples. In fresh apples, the onset of systemic resistance to B. cinerea coincided with the increase in chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in systemically protected tissue. These studies show that C. saitoana is capable of inducing systemic resistance in apple fruit and indirectly suggest that antifungal hydrolases are involved in the observed systemic protection.

scholarly journals Induction of Systemic Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2: Role of Salicylic Acid, Pyochelin, and Pyocyanin

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1147-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Audenaert ◽  
Theresa Pattery ◽  
Pierre Cornelis ◽  
Monica Höfte
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Induce Resistance

The rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 produces secondary metabolites such as pyochelin (Pch), its precursor salicylic acid (SA), and the phenazine compound pyocyanin. Both 7NSK2 and mutant KMPCH (Pch-negative, SA-positive) induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in wild-type but not in transgenic NahG tomato. SA-negative mutants of both strains lost the capacity to induce resistance. On tomato roots, KMPCH produced SA and induced phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, while this was not the case for 7NSK2. In 7NSK2, SA is probably very efficiently converted to Pch. However, Pch alone appeared not to be sufficient to induce resistance. In mammalian cells, Fe-Pch and pyocyanin can act synergistically to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that cause cell damage. Reactive oxygen species are known to play an important role in plant defense. To study the role of pyocyanin in induced resistance, a pyocyanin-negative mutant of 7NSK2, PHZ1, was generated. PHZ1 is mutated in the phzM gene encoding an O-methyltransferase. PHZ1 was unable to induce resistance to B. cinerea, whereas complementation for pyocyanin production or co-inoculation with mutant 7NSK2-562 (Pch-negative, SA-negative, pyocyanin-positive) restored induced resistance. These results suggest that pyocyanin and Pch, rather than SA, are the determinants for induced resistance in wild-type P. aeruginosa 7NSK2.

scholarly journals Optimizing Chemically Induced Resistance in Tomato Against Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estrella Luna ◽  
Emily Beardon ◽  
Sabine Ravnskov ◽  
Julie Scholes ◽  
Jurriaan Ton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Application Methods

Resistance-inducing chemicals can offer broad-spectrum disease protection in crops, but can also affect plant growth and interactions with plant-beneficial microbes. We have evaluated different application methods of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) for long-lasting induced resistance in tomato against Botrytis cinerea. In addition, we have studied nontarget effects on plant growth and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Germinating seeds for 1 week in BABA- or JA-containing solutions promoted seed germination efficiency, did not affect plant growth, and induced resistance in 4-week-old plants. When formulating BABA and JA in carboxymethyl cellulose seed coating, only BABA was able to induce resistance in 4-week-old plants. Root treatment of 1-week-old seedlings with BABA or JA also induced resistance in 4-week-old plants. However, this seedling treatment repressed plant growth at higher concentrations of the chemicals, which was particularly pronounced in hydroponically grown plants after BABA treatment. Both seed coating with BABA, and seedling treatments with BABA or JA, did not affect AMF root colonization in soil-grown tomato. Our study has identified commercially feasible application methods of BABA and JA, which induce durable disease resistance in tomato without concurrent impacts on plant growth or colonization by plant-beneficial AMF.

scholarly journals Sulfated Fucan Oligosaccharides Elicit Defense Responses in Tobacco and Local and Systemic Resistance Against Tobacco Mosaic Virus

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Klarzynski ◽  
Valérie Descamps ◽  
Bertrand Plesse ◽  
Jean-Claude Yvin ◽  
Bernard Kloareg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Sulfated Fucan ◽  
Strong Stimulation ◽  
Local And Systemic Resistance

Sulfated fucans are common structural components of the cell walls of marine brown algae. Using a fucan-degrading hydrolase isolated from a marine bacterium, we prepared sulfated fucan oligosaccharides made of mono- and disulfated fucose units alternatively bound by α-1,4 and α-1,3 glycosidic linkages, respectively. Here, we report on the elicitor activity of such fucan oligosaccharide preparations in tobacco. In suspension cell cultures, oligofucans at the dose of 200 μg ml−1 rapidly induced a marked alkalinization of the extracellular medium and the release of hydrogen peroxide. This was followed within a few hours by a strong stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and lipoxygenase activities. Tobacco leaves treated with oligofucans locally accumulated salicylic acid (SA) and the phytoalexin scopoletin and expressed several pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, but they displayed no symptoms of cell death. Fucan oligosaccharides also induced the systemic accumulation of SA and the acidic PR protein PR-1, two markers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Consistently, fucan oligosaccharides strongly stimulated both local and systemic resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The use of transgenic plants unable to accumulate SA indicated that, as in the SAR primed by TMV, SA is required for the establishment of oligofucan-induced resistance.

scholarly journals Function of miR825 and miR825* as Negative Regulators in Bacillus cereus AR156-elicited Systemic Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingping Nie ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qian Yin ◽  
Chunhao Jiang ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Negative Regulators ◽  
Callose Deposition

Small RNAs function to regulate plant defense responses to pathogens. We previously showed that miR825 and miR825* downregulate Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156)-triggered systemic resistance to Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Here, Northern blotting revealed that miR825 and miR825* were more strongly downregulated in wild type Arabidopsis Col-0 (Col-0) plants pretreated with AR156 than in nontreated plants upon Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) B1301 infection. Furthermore, compared with Col-0, transgenic plants with attenuated miR825 and miR825* expression were more resistant to B. cinerea B1301, yet miR825- and miR825*-overexpressing (OE) plants were more susceptible to the pathogen. With AR156 pretreatment, the transcription of four defense-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2) and cellular defense responses (hydrogen peroxide production and callose deposition) were faster and stronger in miR825 and miR825* knockdown lines but weaker in their OE plants than in Col-0 plants upon pathogen attack. Also, AR156 pretreatment caused stronger phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 and expression of FRK1 and WRKY53 genes upon B. cinerea B1301 inoculation in miR825 and miR825* knockdown plants than in Col-0 plants. Additionally, the assay of agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that AT5G40910, AT5G38850, AT3G04220, and AT5G44940 are target genes of miR825 or miR825*. Compared with Col-0, the target mutant lines showed higher susceptibility to B. cinerea B1301, while still expressing AR156-triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR). The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant (P < 0.01) interactive effect of treatment and genotype on the defense responses. Hence, miR825 and miR825*act as negative regulators of AR156-mediated systemic resistance to B. cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 Triggers Local and Systemic Immune Response Against Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1117-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Gruau ◽  
Patricia Trotel-Aziz ◽  
Sandra Villaume ◽  
Fanja Rabenoelina ◽  
Christophe Clément ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Below Ground

Although induced systemic resistance (ISR) is well-documented in the context of plant–beneficial bacteria interactions, knowledge about the local and systemic molecular and biochemical defense responses before or upon pathogen infection in grapevine is very scarce. In this study, we first investigated the capacity of grapevine plants to express immune responses at both above- and below-ground levels upon interaction with a beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2. We then explored whether the extent of priming state could contribute to the PTA-CT2-induced ISR in Botrytis cinerea–infected leaves. Our data provide evidence that this bacterium colonized grapevine roots but not the above-ground plant parts and altered the plant phenotype that displayed multiple defense responses both locally and systemically. The grapevine roots and leaves exhibited distinct patterns of defense-related gene expression during root colonization by PTA-CT2. Roots responded faster than leaves and some responses were more strongly upregulated in roots than in leaves and vice versa for other genes. These responses appear to be associated with some induction of cell death in roots and a transient expression of HSR, a hypersensitive response-related gene in both local (roots) and systemic (leaves) tissues. However, stilbenic phytoalexin patterns followed opposite trends in roots compared with leaves but no phytoalexin was exuded during plant-bacterium interaction, suggesting that roots could play an important role in the transfer of metabolites contributing to immune response at the systemic level. Unexpectedly, in B. cinerea–infected leaves PTA-CT2-mediated ISR was accompanied in large part by a downregulation of different defense-related genes, including HSR. Only phytoalexins and glutathion-S-transferase 1 transcripts were upregulated, while the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was maintained at a higher level than the control. This suggests that decreased expression of HSR, as a marker of cell death, and activation of secondary metabolism pathways could be responsible for a reduced B. cinerea colonization capacity in bacterized plants.

scholarly journals Assessment of Silicon- and Mycorrhizae- Mediated Constitutive and Induced Systemic Resistance in Rice, Oryza sativa L., against the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2126
Author(s):  
Santhi Bhavanam ◽  
Michael J. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Induce Resistance

Induced resistance provides protection in plants against insect herbivores. Silicon and mycorrhizae often prime plant defenses and thereby enhance plant resistance against herbivores. In rice, Oryza sativa L., insect injury has been shown to induce resistance against future defoliators. However, it is unknown if silicon and mycorrhizae treatments in combination with insect injury result in greater induced resistance. Using the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, two experiments were conducted to investigate whether (1) silicon or mycorrhizae treatment alters resistance in rice and (2) induced systemic resistance in response to insect injury is augmented in silicon- or mycorrhizae- treated plants. In the first experiment, silicon treatment reduced FAW growth by 20% while mycorrhizae increased FAW growth by 8%. In the second experiment, insect injury induced systemic resistance, resulting in a 23% reduction in FAW larval weight gains on injured compared to uninjured plants, irrespective of treatment. Neither silicon nor mycorrhizae enhanced this systemic resistance in insect-injured plants. Furthermore, mycorrhizae resulted in the systemic increase of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, and injury caused a slight decrease in these enzyme activities in mycorrhizae plants. Silicon treatment did not result in a stronger induction of POD and PPO activity in injured plants. Taken together, these results indicate a lack of silicon and mycorrhizae priming of plant defenses in rice. Regardless of injury, silicon reduced FAW weight gains by 36%. Based on these results, it appears silicon-mediated biomechanical rather than biochemical defenses may play a greater role in increased resistance against FAW in rice.

Systemic and Local Responses Associated with UV- and Pathogen-Induced Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Stored Carrot

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 981-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Mercier ◽  
Dominique Roussel ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Charles ◽  
Joseph Arul
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Local Effect ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induction Of Resistance ◽  
Local Accumulation

The induction of resistance to Botrytis cinerea in carrot roots by UV radiation, a possible means for controlling storage diseases, was compared with systemic resistance induced by inoculation with the pathogen. UV radiation did not have any systemic effect, and disease resistance was induced only in tissues directly exposed to the radiation. Although UV radiation induced a local accumulation of 6-methoxymellein (6-MM), inoculation with B. cinerea caused 6-MM to accumulate systemically, away from the inoculation site. Because of amounts near or higher than the ED50 (50% effective dose) for inhibiting B. cinerea found in both UV-treated and preinoculated roots at the time of challenge, 6-MM could be involved in both types of resistance. Freshly harvested carrots had a number of constitutive chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases, which were not affected by UV radiation or inoculation. When challenged with B. cinerea, the induction of a 24-kDa chitinase was enhanced in UV-treated and preinoculated roots. Again, UV radiation had only a local effect in priming this chitinase response. Although UV- and pathogen-induced resistance in carrot may involve the same defenses, the responses are probably mediated differently, because UV radiation has an essentially local effect.

scholarly journals Differential Effectiveness of Salicylate-Dependent and Jasmonate/Ethylene-Dependent Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurriaan Ton ◽  
Johan A. Van Pelt ◽  
L. C. Van Loon ◽  
Corné M. J. Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Differential Effectiveness

Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are each involved in the regulation of basal resistance against different pathogens. These three signals play important roles in induced resistance as well. SA is a key regulator of pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), whereas JA and ET are required for rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). Both types of induced resistance are effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this study, we compared the spectrum of effectiveness of SAR and ISR using an oomycete, a fungal, a bacterial, and a viral pathogen. In noninduced Arabidopsis plants, these pathogens are primarily resisted through either SA-dependent basal resistance (Peronospora parasitica and Turnip crinkle virus [TCV]), JA/ET-dependent basal resistance responses (Alternaria brassicicola), or a combination of SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent defenses (Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae). Activation of ISR resulted in a significant level of protection against A. brassicicola, whereas SAR was ineffective against this pathogen. Conversely, activation of SAR resulted in a high level of protection against P. parasitica and TCV, whereas ISR conferred only weak and no protection against P. parasitica and TCV, respectively. Induction of SAR and ISR was equally effective against X. campestris pv. armoraciae. These results indicate that SAR is effective against pathogens that in noninduced plants are resisted through SA-dependent defenses, whereas ISR is effective against pathogens that in noninduced plants are resisted through JA/ET-dependent defenses. This suggests that SAR and ISR constitute a reinforcement of extant SA- or JA/ET-dependent basal defense responses, respectively.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Aragón ◽  
Damien Formey ◽  
Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar ◽  
Martha Torres ◽  
Mario Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Solute Permeability ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Upregulated Genes

The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.

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