scholarly journals Cognitive Predictors of Precautionary Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Thoma ◽  
Leonardo Weiss-Cohen ◽  
Petra Filkuková ◽  
Peter Ayton
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Precautionary Behavior

The attempts to mitigate the unprecedented health, economic, and social disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are largely dependent on establishing compliance to behavioral guidelines and rules that reduce the risk of infection. Here, by conducting an online survey that tested participants’ knowledge about the disease and measured demographic, attitudinal, and cognitive variables, we identify predictors of self-reported social distancing and hygiene behavior. To investigate the cognitive processes underlying health-prevention behavior in the pandemic, we co-opted the dual-process model of thinking to measure participants’ propensities for automatic and intuitive thinking vs. controlled and reflective thinking. Self-reports of 17 precautionary behaviors, including regular hand washing, social distancing, and wearing a face mask, served as a dependent measure. The results of hierarchical regressions showed that age, risk-taking propensity, and concern about the pandemic predicted adoption of precautionary behavior. Variance in cognitive processes also predicted precautionary behavior: participants with higher scores for controlled thinking (measured with the Cognitive Reflection Test) reported less adherence to specific guidelines, as did respondents with a poor understanding of the infection and transmission mechanism of the COVID-19 virus. The predictive power of this model was comparable to an approach (Theory of Planned Behavior) based on attitudes to health behavior. Given these results, we propose the inclusion of measures of cognitive reflection and mental model variables in predictive models of compliance, and future studies of precautionary behavior to establish how cognitive variables are linked with people’s information processing and social norms.

Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152098549
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

scholarly journals A cue for rational reasoning: Introducing a reference point in cognitive reflection tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Damnjanović ◽  
Vera Novković ◽  
Irena Pavlović ◽  
Sandra Ilić ◽  
Slobodan Pantelić
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Reasoning Problem ◽  
Process Framework ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Rational Reasoning ◽  
Adaptive Toolbox

The dual process framework posits that we reason using the quick System 1, and the deliberate System 2, both of which are part of our “adaptive toolbox”. The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) estimates which system was used to solve a reasoning problem. Usually, the CRT tasks are solved incorrectly by using System 1, and correctly through System 2. We have applied the reference point hypothesis to the tasks of the CRT and proposed that this change would facilitate the switch between systems, resulting in better performance on the version of the test with a reference point, compared to the CRT without one. The results confirmed our assumptions, as evidenced by a generally higher score on the CRT with a reference point, albeit with different effects between items.

scholarly journals Dual Processing in Syllogistic Reasoning

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-145
Author(s):  
Predrag Teovanović
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Reasoning Tasks

The study aimed to examine several assumptions of dual process theories of reasoning by employing individual difference approach. A set of categorical syllogisms was administered to a relatively large sample of participants (N = 247) along with attached confidence rating scales, and measures of intelligence and cognitive reflection. As expected, response accuracy on syllogistic reasoning tasks highly depended on task complexity and the status of belief-logic conflict, thus demonstrating beliefbias on the group level. Individual difference analyses showed that more biased subject also performed poorer on Raven's Matrices (r = .25) and Cognitive Reflection Test (r = .27), which is in line with assumptions that willingness to engage and capacities to carry out type 2 processes both contribute to understanding of rational thinking. Moreover, measures of cognitive decoupling were significantly correlated with the performance on conflict syllogisms (r = .20). Individual differences in sensitivity to conflict detection, on the other side, were not related to reasoning accuracy in general (r = .02). Yet, additional analyses showed that noteworthy correlation between these two can be observed for easier syllogistic reasoning tasks (r = .26). Such results indicate that boundary conditions of conflict detection should be viewed as a function of both tasks' and participants' characteristics.

Single-Dose Testosterone Administration Impairs Cognitive Reflection in Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1398-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Nave ◽  
Amos Nadler ◽  
David Zava ◽  
Colin Camerer
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Math Skills ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Process Framework ◽  
Testosterone Administration ◽  
Intuitive Judgments

In nonhumans, the sex steroid testosterone regulates reproductive behaviors such as fighting between males and mating. In humans, correlational studies have linked testosterone with aggression and disorders associated with poor impulse control, but the neuropsychological processes at work are poorly understood. Building on a dual-process framework, we propose a mechanism underlying testosterone’s behavioral effects in humans: reduction in cognitive reflection. In the largest study of behavioral effects of testosterone administration to date, 243 men received either testosterone or placebo and took the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), which estimates the capacity to override incorrect intuitive judgments with deliberate correct responses. Testosterone administration reduced CRT scores. The effect remained after we controlled for age, mood, math skills, whether participants believed they had received the placebo or testosterone, and the effects of 14 additional hormones, and it held for each of the CRT questions in isolation. Our findings suggest a mechanism underlying testosterone’s diverse effects on humans’ judgments and decision making and provide novel, clear, and testable predictions.

scholarly journals The cognitive ability and working memory framework: Interpreting cognitive reflection test results in the domain of the cognitive experiential theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşegül Engin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe cognitive reflection test (hereafter, CRT) is a widely used tool in studies that deal with human decision-making and problem-solving. However, the interpretation of the results of the test remains an open discussion in extant literature. Despite the high predictive power, the characteristics of a decision-maker measured by the CRT remain unclear. This article suggests a novel and inclusive framework that relates the CRT to the cognitive experiential theory (hereafter, CET), which is a well-established dual-process theory. The framework explains the observed phenomena (e.g., individual decision-maker differences) using data from five laboratory experiments. The framework is inclusive because it provides possible explanations for the results in the published literature. The overall results support the argument that the CRT measures the efficiency of the resources of an individual’s working memory. In contrast, the rationality experientiality inventory (hereafter, REI) (a measurement tool of the cognitive experiential theory) captures an individual’s cognitive ability. The efficient use of the working memory leads to the full potential of decision-makers’ cognitive abilities in analytical tasks, thereby indicating that cognitive ability and working memory form a viable framework for studies in the disciplines behavioral operational research (hereafter, OR) and decision sciences.

Anchoring and Judgment Bias: Disregarding Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110167
Author(s):  
Steven A. Berg ◽  
Justin H. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Decision Making Behavior ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Instruction To Disregard ◽  
Do So

The current investigation examined the nature of the cognitive processes that underlie decision-making behavior. The focus of this project centered on the effects of utilizing heuristics that pertain to the availability of information stored in memory. Anchoring effects demonstrate that people will use any available information sampled from memory as a reference for making judgments of frequency. The specific aim of the experiment was to examine whether people exhibit patterns of behavior consistent with anchoring effects, revealed by corrupted subjective judgments, despite explicit notice of instruction to disregard the experimenter-supplied information (the anchor). Subjects failed to demonstrate an ability to disregard a relatively high anchor even when the instruction to do so was explicit. However, in contrast, subjects demonstrated an ability to disregard a relatively low anchor. More broadly, subjects instructed to disregard demonstrated a reduced effect of anchoring. Implications are considered within the context of the availability heuristic and the directly related effects of anchoring. The results may be interpreted within the framework of a dual-process model, two-system view that distinguishes intuition from reasoning. The present findings fit with well-supported theoretical explanations of anchoring effects, such as selective accessibility and numerical priming.

scholarly journals 409. High Engagement in Social Distancing and Mask Wearing and Associations with Reduced COVID-19 Infection Among California College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S306-S306
Author(s):  
Lindsey Walicek ◽  
Annette Regan ◽  
Kelly L’Engle ◽  
Marie-Claude Couture
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Abstract Background Engaging in preventive behaviors, including face mask wearing and social distancing, has been widely recommended, and in some cases mandated, to limit the spread of the COVID-19 disease. Despite wide-scale use, there is little data available on engagement of mask wearing and social distancing in college students and associated COVID-19 infection. Methods A school-wide online survey was conducted (2021) among university students (n=2,132) in California. Frequency of mask-wearing and social distancing (indoors or public settings) and diagnosis with COVID-19 infection were measured. Multiple logistic regression models assessed associations between i) mask-wearing and ii) social distancing and COVID-19 infection, controlling for race, age, gender, and living with people who have high-risk health conditions. Results Fourteen percent (14.06%) reported previous COVID-19 infection. Most students reported wearing masks in public settings (77.9%) and indoors (58%). About half (49.9%) reported social distancing in public settings and 44.9% indoors. In multiple logistic regression models, wearing a mask indoors was associated with 30% lower odds of COVID-19 infection (OR= 0.70; 95% CI: 0.54,0.91) but no statistically significant association was observed for wearing a mask outdoors (OR= 0.80; 95% CI: 0.59,1.08). Social distancing indoors and outdoors was associated with a 34% (OR= 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50,0.86) and 32% (OR= 0.68; 95% CI: 0.52,0.88) decrease in the odds of infection, respectively. COVID-19 infection declined as the number of preventive behaviors a student engaged in increased. Compared to those who engaged in no preventive behavior, the odds of infection were 0.71 (95% CI: 0.46,1.11) among students engaging in one behavior, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.46,1.07) in two behaviors, 0.42 (95% CI: 0.25,0.70) in three behaviors, and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.31,0.74) among those who engaged in all four behaviors. Conclusion Wearing face masks and social distancing were both associated with lower odds of COVID-19 infection. The more preventive behaviors students engaged in the less frequently they reported COVID-19 infection. Our findings support existing guidelines promoting mask wearing and social distancing to limit the spread of COVID-19 disease. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Not All Who Ponder Count Costs: Arithmetic Reflection Predicts Utilitarian Tendencies, but Logical Reflection Predicts both Deontological and Utilitarian Tendencies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Byrd ◽  
Paul Conway
Keyword(s):  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Process Dissociation ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Reflective Reasoning

Conventional sacrificial moral dilemmas propose directly causing some harm to prevent greater harm. Theory suggests that accepting such actions (consistent with utilitarian philosophy) involves more reflective reasoning than rejecting such actions (consistent with deontological philosophy). However, past findings do not always replicate, confound different kinds of reflection, and employ conventional sacrificial dilemmas that treat utilitarian and deontological considerations as opposite. In two studies, we examined whether past findings would replicate when employing process dissociation to assess deontological and utilitarian inclinations independently. Findings suggested two categorically different impacts of reflection: measures of arithmetic reflection, such as the Cognitive Reflection Test, predicted only utilitarian, not deontological, response tendencies. However, measures of logical reflection, such as performance on logical syllogisms, positively predicted both utilitarian and deontological tendencies. These studies replicate some findings, clarify others, and reveal opportunity for additional nuance in dual process theorists’ claims about the link between reflection and dilemma judgments.

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

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