scholarly journals Bilingual Language Control Flexibly Adapts to Cultural Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Language Control

How does bilingual language control adapt to the cultural context? We address this question by looking at the pattern of switch cost and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to separately reflect reactive and proactive language control mechanisms, in the contexts with culturally-neutral pictures (i. e., baseline context) or culturally-biased pictures (i.e., congruent context where culture matched the language to be spoken or incongruent context where culture mismatched the language to be spoken). Results showed an asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts, but the reversed language dominance effect was not changed across contexts, suggesting that cultural context plays a critical role in modulating reactive but not proactive language control. These findings reveal the dynamic nature of language control in bilinguals and have important implications for the current models of bilingual language control.

The influence of contextual faces on bilingual language control

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Kalinka Timmer ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global Language

How do faces with social-cultural identity affect bilingual language control? We approach this question by looking at the switch cost patterns and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to reflect bilingual language control mechanisms, in the absence (i.e., baseline context) or presence of faces with socio-cultural identity (Asian or Caucasian). In separate blocks, the face matched (i.e., congruent context) or mismatched (i.e., incongruent context) the language to be spoken. In addition, cue preparation time was manipulated to be long (Experiment 1) or short (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a unique asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 was observed in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts. Furthermore, the reversed language dominance effect was not modulated across contexts. These results suggest a critical role of contextual faces in modulating local but not global language control. Thus, bilingual language control changes flexibly within an environment that includes faces with socio-cultural identity.

scholarly journals Bilingual infants control their languages as they listen

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (34) ◽  
pp. 9032-9037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Byers-Heinlein ◽  
Elizabeth Morin-Lessard ◽  
Casey Lew-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Sentence Boundary ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Over Time

Infants growing up in bilingual homes learn two languages simultaneously without apparent confusion or delay. However, the mechanisms that support this remarkable achievement remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that infants use language-control mechanisms to preferentially activate the currently heard language during listening. In a naturalistic eye-tracking procedure, bilingual infants were more accurate at recognizing objects labeled in same-language sentences (“Find the dog!”) than in switched-language sentences (“Find the chien!”). Measurements of infants’ pupil size over time indicated that this resulted from increased cognitive load during language switches. However, language switches did not always engender processing difficulties: the switch cost was reduced or eliminated when the switch was from the nondominant to the dominant language, and when it crossed a sentence boundary. Adults showed the same patterns of performance as infants, even though target words were simple and highly familiar. Our results provide striking evidence from infancy to adulthood that bilinguals monitor their languages for efficient comprehension. Everyday practice controlling two languages during listening is likely to explain previously observed bilingual cognitive advantages across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Assessing the evidence for asymmetrical language switch costs and reversed language dominance effects - a meta analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gade
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control

Two seemingly counterintuitive phenomena – asymmetrical language switch costs and the reversed language dominance effect – prove to be particularly controversial in the literature on language control. Asymmetrical language switch costs refer to the larger costs for switching into the dominant language compared to switching into the less dominant language, both relative to staying in either one language. The reversed language dominance effect refers to longer reaction times when in the more dominant of the two languages in situations that require frequent language switching (i.e., mixed-language blocks). The asymmetrical language switch costs are commonly taken as an index for processes of transient, reactive inhibitory language control, whereas the reversed language dominance effect is taken as an index for sustained, proactive inhibitory language control. In the present meta-analysis, we set out to establish the empirical evidence for these two phenomena using a Bayesian linear mixed effects modelling approach. Despite the observation of both phenomena in some studies, our results suggest that overall, there is little evidence for the generality and robustness of these two effects, and this holds true even when conditions – such as language proficiency and preparation time manipulations – were included as moderators of these phenomena. We conclude that asymmetrical switch costs and the reversed language dominance effect are important for theory development, but their utility for theory testing is limited due to their lack of robustness and the absence of confirmed moderatory variables.

Proactive language control during bilingual sentence production

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110478
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Robert J Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Filled Pauses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Language Control

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: While evidence for proactive language control processes has been found during single word production, very little and conflicting evidence has been observed for such control processes during sentence production. So, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether proactive language control can occur during sentence production. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate proactive language control during sentence production, we relied on a description task in single and mixed language blocks. Data and analysis: Mixing costs and the reversed language dominance effect of language intrusions and filled pauses were used to examine proactive language control. Findings/conclusions: Evidence for proactive language control during sentence production came from the mixing cost effect observed with both language intrusions and filled pauses. Whereas no reversed language dominance effect was observed in mixed language blocks, a significant difference in language pattern was observed between single and mixed language blocks, indicating that proactive language control of the first language might be implemented in mixed language blocks during sentence production. Originality: Unlike the vast majority of studies investigating language control, this study relied on sentence production instead of single word production. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine filled pauses to gain insight into language control. Significance/implications: These data indicate that proactive language control can be implemented during bilingual sentence production.

scholarly journals The Role of Collaboration in Innovation and Value Creation in the Aviation Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 239496432110105
Author(s):  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
Gui Lohmann ◽  
Luke Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Management Communication ◽  
International Airlines

Collaboration plays a critical role in fostering innovation and value creation in the aviation sector. However, how factors and connections relate to the achievement of innovative outcomes in aviation require further investigation. This study investigates the key factors that create a conceptual framework by conducting a literature review and an archival analysis of news articles. The model proposed involves factors such as strategic decision-making; networking and partner choice; cultural context, values, behaviour and compatibilities; collaboration configuration; issues and risks shared; skills, capacities and experience; infrastructure and resources available; engagement activities; knowledge transfer, absorption and appropriation; collaboration management; communication flows; external environment and demand; and expectations and outcomes. Promising collaborations are also indicated in areas where the framework could be adopted to increase partnerships and outcomes. Also, we highlight best practice examples from leading organizations, such as International Airlines Group (IAG), Emirates Airline, Singapore Airlines, Boeing and JetBlue, to provide insights into existing collaborations that have led to innovation and value creation in this sector.

The Main Sequence of Human Optokinetic Afternystagmus (OKAN)

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2889-2897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Kaminiarz ◽  
Kerstin Königs ◽  
Frank Bremmer
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Optokinetic Afternystagmus

Different types of fast eye movements, including saccades and fast phases of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN), are coded by only partially overlapping neural networks. This is a likely cause for the differences that have been reported for the dynamic parameters of fast eye movements. The dependence of two of these parameters—peak velocity and duration—on saccadic amplitude has been termed “main sequence.” The main sequence of OKAN fast phases has not yet been analyzed. These eye movements are unique in that they are generated by purely subcortical control mechanisms and that they occur in complete darkness. In this study, we recorded fast phases of OKAN and OKN as well as visually guided and spontaneous saccades under identical background conditions because background characteristics have been reported to influence the main sequence of saccades. Our data clearly show that fast phases of OKAN and OKN differ with respect to their main sequence. OKAN fast phases were characterized by their lower peak velocities and longer durations compared with those of OKN fast phases. Furthermore we found that the main sequence of spontaneous saccades depends heavily on background characteristics, with saccades in darkness being slower and lasting longer. On the contrary, the main sequence of visually guided saccades depended on background characteristics only very slightly. This implies that the existence of a visual saccade target largely cancels out the effect of background luminance. Our data underline the critical role of environmental conditions (light vs. darkness), behavioral tasks (e.g., spontaneous vs. visually guided), and the underlying neural networks for the exact spatiotemporal characteristics of fast eye movements.

The neurobiology of simultaneous interpreting: Where extreme language control and cognitive control intersect

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Hervais-Adelman ◽  
Laura Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Concurrent Execution ◽  
Complex Cognitive Task ◽  
Language Control

Simultaneous interpreting is a complex cognitive task that requires the concurrent execution of multiple processes: listening, comprehension, conversion of a message from one language to another, speech production, and self-monitoring. This requires the deployment of an array of linguistic and cognitive control mechanisms that must coordinate the various brain systems implicated in handling these tasks. How the brain handles this challenge remains an open question, and recent brain imaging investigations have begun to complement the theories based on behavioural data. fMRI studies have shown that simultaneous interpreting engages a network of brain regions encompassing those implicated in speech perception and production, language switching, self-monitoring, and selection. Structural imaging studies have been carried out that also indicate modifications to a similar set of structures. In the present paper, we review the extant data and propose an integrative model of simultaneous interpreting that piggybacks on existing theories of multilingual language control.

scholarly journals Parental control mechanisms and their reflection on identity styles of Turkish adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (42) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hacer Nermin Çelen ◽  
Muharrem Ersin Kuşdil
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Identity Styles ◽  
Identity Statuses ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Control Patterns

Research has shown that authoritarian parents limit their children's freedom of expression and monitor their children's behavior according to their rules. Children of authoritative families tend to have high self-esteem and refer to internalized norms. Parenting is a cultural product. In this study the model presented is limited in the sense that it does not consider the cultural diversity. We must evaluate the identity not only with perceived parenting style but also within the socio-cultural context. The present study explored the relationships between identity styles and perceived parenting control patterns in late adolescents. Responses of 402 Turkish university students to the Berzonsky's Identity Style Inventory were factor-analyzed, and patterns of correlations between four identity statuses, Steinberg's Authoritative Parenting Scale, and Kağitçibaş1's Authoritarianism Scale and parental education were examined. The findings are discussed in relation to ways of incorporating the cultural context into the study of identity development.

A Novel Approach to Managing the Dynamic Nature of Semantic Relatedness

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngseok Choi ◽  
Jungsuk Oh ◽  
Jinsoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Dynamic Semantic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Corpus Data

This research proposes a novel method of measuring the dynamics of semantic relatedness. Research on semantic relatedness has a long history in the fields of computational linguistics, psychology, computer science, as well as information systems. Computing semantic relatedness has played a critical role in various situations, such as data integration and keyword recommendation. Many researchers have tried to propose more sophisticated techniques to measure semantic relatedness. However, little research has considered the change of semantic relatedness with the flow of time and occurrence of events. The authors' proposed method is validated by actual corpus data collected from a particular context over a specific period of time. They test the feasibility of our proposed method by constructing semantic networks by using the corpus collected during a different period of time. The experiment results show that our method can detect and manage the changes in semantic relatedness between concepts. Based on the results, the authors discuss the need for a dynamic semantic relatedness paradigm.

scholarly journals Research on individual differences in executive functions

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Multicomponent Nature

Abstract Executive functions (EFs), such as response inhibition, interference control, and set shifting, are general-purpose control mechanisms that enable individuals to regulate their thoughts and behaviors. Because bilingual individuals use EF-like processes during language control, researchers have become interested in the hypothesis that this use might train EFs, resulting in better performance on non-linguistic EF tasks. Although this bilingual advantage hypothesis seems straightforward to test, it involves a number of important decisions in terms of how to assess bilingualism and EFs. In this article, I focus on the complexity of measuring EFs, drawing on individual differences research (conducted with participants not selected for bilingualism). Specifically, I discuss issues related to (1) the measurement of EFs (particularly the effects of task impurity and unreliability) and (2) the multicomponent nature of EFs. Within each of these topics, I elaborate on consequences for research on bilingual advantages and provide some recommendations.

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