Multicomponent nature underlies the extraordinary mechanical properties of spider dragline silk

Dragline silk of golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephilinae) is noted for its unsurpassed toughness, combining extraordinary extensibility and tensile strength, suggesting industrial application as a sustainable biopolymer material. To pinpoint the molecular composition of dragline silk and the roles of its constituents in achieving its mechanical properties, we report a multiomics approach, combining high-quality genome sequencing and assembly, silk gland transcriptomics, and dragline silk proteomics of four Nephilinae spiders. We observed the consistent presence of the MaSp3B spidroin unique to this subfamily as well as several nonspidroin SpiCE proteins. Artificial synthesis and the combination of these components in vitro showed that the multicomponent nature of dragline silk, including MaSp3B and SpiCE, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, is essential to realize the mechanical properties of spider dragline silk.

Multicomponent nature underlies the extraordinary mechanical properties of spider dragline silk

Dragline silk of golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephilinae) is noted for its unsurpassed toughness, combining extraordinary extensibility and tensile strength, suggesting industrial application as a sustainable biopolymer material. To pinpoint the molecular composition of dragline silk and the roles of its constituents in achieving its mechanical properties, we report a multiomics approach combining high-quality genome sequencing and assembly, silk gland transcriptomics, and dragline silk proteomics of four Nephilinae spiders. We observed the consistent presence of the MaSp3B spidroin unique to this subfamily, as well as several non-spidroin SpiCE proteins. Artificial synthesis and combination of these components in vitro showed that the multicomponent nature of dragline silk, including MaSp3B and SpiCE, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, is essential to realize the mechanical properties of spider dragline silk.

Ego depletion: A review of criticisms along with new perspectives for the replicable investigation of self-control fatigue as a multicomponent phenomenon

The replication crisis in psychology has led to question popular psychological phenomena such as ego depletion, which has been criticized after studies failed to replicate. Here, we describe limitations in the literature that contributed to these failures and suggest how they may be addressed. At the theoretical level, the literature focuses on two out of at least eight identified auxiliary hypotheses. Thus, the majority of the hypotheses related to the three core assumptions of the ego-depletion theory have been overlooked, thereby preventing the rejection of the theory as a whole. At the experimental level, we argue that the low replicability of ego-depletion studies could be explained by the absence of a comprehensive, integrative, and falsifiable definition of self-control, which is central to the concept of ego depletion; by an unclear or absent distinction between ego depletion and mental fatigue, two phenomena that rely on different processes; and by the low validity of the tasks used to induce ego depletion. Finally, we make conceptual and practical suggestions for a more rigorous investigation of ego depletion, discuss the necessity to take into account its dynamic and multicomponent nature, and suggest using the term self-control fatigue instead.

FEMININITY MODELS IN GENDER POLICY OF STALIN’S REGIME

Summary. The purpose of the study is to identify models of femininity in the gender policy of the Stalinist regime in relation to the rural part of Western Ukrainian women in the first postwar decade; to analyze the ways and methods of their construction by instruments of party propaganda. The work is based on socio-cultural and feminist methodology, which requires the study of society taking into account its multicomponent nature, including such an important stratification parameter as "gender". In addition, the methodological guidelines of the study are the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (comparative, chronological and historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in the historiography of the gender policy of the Stalinist regime in the western regions of Ukraine during the period of late Stalinism, the authors consider models of femininity constructed by Soviet propaganda in the context of forming the concept of "Soviet woman". Conclusions. The gender policy of the Stalinist regime towards the rural part of Western Ukrainian women in the first postwar decade was directed primarily to involve women to the process of Sovietization of the region. It was clearly mobilizing and ethocratic in nature. The narrative of an emancipated Soviet woman, equal to a man in the Soviet Union opposed to the "oppressed mercenary of Polish lords" of the "lordly Poland" period was imposed on society with the help of party propaganda. Using the traditional set of tools from the propaganda arsenal, the authorities methodically and purposefully worked on forming the image of the "Soviet woman". As a result, several basic models of femininity with their inherent inverse of gender roles – "woman-activist", "woman-collective farmer", "woman-leader" were constructed.

A model for multicomponent diffusive bubble growth in magmas

<p>Bubble growth is one of the key processes that govern the degassing of magmatic systems and drive volcanic eruptions. Typically, the gas exsolution process begins with the nucleation of bubbles in an oversaturated melt and continues with bubble growth. Bubbles grow by mass diffusion, when the silicate melt is oversaturated in volatiles, and by mechanical expansion as a response to pressure decrease. The viscosity of the surrounding melt and the surface tension oppose a resistance to bubble growth and control the mechanical disequilibrium between the bubbles and the melt itself. The combination of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation with a diffusion equation represents a common approach to describe diffusive bubble growth. A number of models have been developed for describing bubble growth dynamics in magmas, most of them accounting for a single volatile specie. Nevertheless, the multicomponent nature of magmatic volatiles has long been recognised to play a major role in controlling magmatic exsolution process. Here we present a model describing bubble growth in magmas in the presence of multiple volatile species through a fully non-ideal multicomponent saturation model.  Numerical simulations show the role of the different species (e.g., water and carbon dioxide) in the dynamics of diffusive bubble growth for different melt compositions. The new model is implemented in the MagmaFOAM library,  a dedicated computational tool to solve multiphase flows characterizing magmatic systems that extends the open-source library OpenFOAM. Within the MagmaFOAM framework it is possible to combine the bubble growth model with fluid solvers in order to fully capture the multi-scale nature of liquid and gas phases in magmatic systems.</p>

Choreography as the basis for the development of students' creative abilities

The article considers the issues of studying and forming creative abilities as a scientific problem. Based on the analysis of scientific developments devoted to students’ creative abilities, it was determined that for the most part the professional and creative formation of a bachelor's personality is studied on the basis of a specific direction of training, quite often – on the basis of the analysis of the work of universities of culture and art, and pedagogical creativity in most cases – on the material of the pedagogical university. It was revealed that insufficient attention is paid by scientists to the analysis of the problems of educating creatively enthusiastic specialists in different areas of training, united by common projects, not always subordinate to future professional activities, but revealing internal individual resources, the creative potential of each and aimed at personal self-development. It was confirmed that the formation of creative abilities should be built on the desire for high achievements, and not on the motivation for the development of the student, while it is important to form such creative abilities that can be implemented in different fields of activity. The article provides a characteristic of general creative abilities and a hypothesis is put forward: the formation of general creative abilities of students is possible on the basis of non-core activities – choreography, in order later to show students the possibility of transferring the mastered skills of mastering general creative abilities to pedagogical activity. The article discusses the problem of using choreography as a means of forming general creative abilities, the multilevel and multicomponent nature of which has not been sufficiently studied. Researchers for the most part associate general creativity in choreographic activity with the development of creative thinking. The student choreographic collective isdefined as an open self-organizing system aimed at creative self-actualization and creative self-development of all its participants, regardless of the profile of training.

Essential Oils Biofilm Modulation Activity, Chemical and Machine Learning Analysis—Application on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Bacterial biofilm plays a pivotal role in chronic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection and its inhibition may represent an important strategy to develop novel therapeutic agents. The scientific community is continuously searching for natural and “green alternatives” to chemotherapeutic drugs, including essential oils (EOs), assuming the latter not able to select resistant strains, likely due to their multicomponent nature and, hence, multitarget action. Here it is reported the biofilm production modulation exerted by 61 EOs, also investigated for their antibacterial activity on S. aureus strains, including reference and cystic fibrosis patients’ isolated strains. The EOs biofilm modulation was assessed by Christensen method on five S. aureus strains. Chemical composition, investigated by GC/MS analysis, of the tested EOs allowed a correlation between biofilm modulation potency and putative active components by means of machine learning algorithms application. Some EOs inhibited biofilm growth at 1.00% concentration, although lower concentrations revealed different biological profile. Experimental data led to select antibiofilm EOs based on their ability to inhibit S. aureus biofilm growth, which were characterized for their ability to alter the biofilm organization by means of SEM studies.

Void space structures inside Silurian carbonate rocks of northeast Timan-Pechora petroleum province

This work presents the results of a comprehensive study of the structure of the void space of low-capacity Silurian carbonate reservoires in the northeastern regions of Timan-Pechora petroleum province. The morphology of void spaces is shown, the porous medium and channels are described and their relationship with each other. The conducted research shows the complex multicomponent nature of the reservoir void spaces due to the presence of various types of voids: primary matrix intercrystalline and interform porosity, secondary micro- and macrocavernosity and fracture providing void spaces. Their typification will allow a differentiated approach to the assessment of oil and gas reserves and create a detailed geological basis for the design of a rational development system.

Dissociable components of oscillatory activity underly information encoding in human perception

Brain decoding can predict visual perception from non-invasive electrophysiological data by combining information across multiple channels. However, decoding methods typically confound together the multi-faceted and distributed neural processes underlying perception, so it is unclear what specific aspects of the neural computations involved in perception are reflected in this type of macroscale data. Using MEG data recorded while participants viewed a large number of naturalistic images, we analytically separated the brain signal into a slow 1/f drift (<5Hz) and a oscillatory response in the theta frequency band. Combined with a method for capturing between-trial variability in the way stimuli are processed, this analysis revealed that there are at least three dissociable components that contain distinct stimulus-specific information: a 1/f component, reflecting the temporally stable aspect of the stimulus representation; a global phase shift of the theta oscillation, related to differences in the speed of processing between the stimuli; and differential patterns of theta phase across channels, likely related to stimulus-specific computations. We demonstrate that common cognitive interpretations of decoding analysis can be flawed if the multicomponent nature of the signal is ignored, and suggest that, by acknowledging this fact, we can provide a more accurate interpretation of commonly observed phenomena in the study of perception.

PERSONALITIES OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS DYNAMIC FEATURES OF SELF-EFFICIENCY

The article deals with the problem of the dynamics of personal self-efficacy of psychology students during their studies at the University. Theoretical approaches to understanding the term "self-efficacy" and its relation to related concepts related to psychological confidence and personal potential are analyzed.The actual problem of personal self-efficacy of psychology students is discussed.The results of an empirical study of the dynamic characteristics of self-efficacy of a sample of 80 students are presented, and statistical indicators of subject self-efficacy and development of self-efficacy in communication, their relationship with the motivation for choosing a profession and the level of self-attitude are determined.Dynamism, integrity and multicomponent nature of self-efficacy; non-linear nature of its development at different stages of training; the relationship between the level of self-efficacy development and the experience of independent work.