Proactive language control during bilingual sentence production

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110478
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Robert J Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Filled Pauses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Language Control

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: While evidence for proactive language control processes has been found during single word production, very little and conflicting evidence has been observed for such control processes during sentence production. So, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether proactive language control can occur during sentence production. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate proactive language control during sentence production, we relied on a description task in single and mixed language blocks. Data and analysis: Mixing costs and the reversed language dominance effect of language intrusions and filled pauses were used to examine proactive language control. Findings/conclusions: Evidence for proactive language control during sentence production came from the mixing cost effect observed with both language intrusions and filled pauses. Whereas no reversed language dominance effect was observed in mixed language blocks, a significant difference in language pattern was observed between single and mixed language blocks, indicating that proactive language control of the first language might be implemented in mixed language blocks during sentence production. Originality: Unlike the vast majority of studies investigating language control, this study relied on sentence production instead of single word production. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine filled pauses to gain insight into language control. Significance/implications: These data indicate that proactive language control can be implemented during bilingual sentence production.

The influence of contextual faces on bilingual language control

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Kalinka Timmer ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global Language

How do faces with social-cultural identity affect bilingual language control? We approach this question by looking at the switch cost patterns and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to reflect bilingual language control mechanisms, in the absence (i.e., baseline context) or presence of faces with socio-cultural identity (Asian or Caucasian). In separate blocks, the face matched (i.e., congruent context) or mismatched (i.e., incongruent context) the language to be spoken. In addition, cue preparation time was manipulated to be long (Experiment 1) or short (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a unique asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 was observed in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts. Furthermore, the reversed language dominance effect was not modulated across contexts. These results suggest a critical role of contextual faces in modulating local but not global language control. Thus, bilingual language control changes flexibly within an environment that includes faces with socio-cultural identity.

scholarly journals Bilingual Language Control Flexibly Adapts to Cultural Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Language Control

How does bilingual language control adapt to the cultural context? We address this question by looking at the pattern of switch cost and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to separately reflect reactive and proactive language control mechanisms, in the contexts with culturally-neutral pictures (i. e., baseline context) or culturally-biased pictures (i.e., congruent context where culture matched the language to be spoken or incongruent context where culture mismatched the language to be spoken). Results showed an asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts, but the reversed language dominance effect was not changed across contexts, suggesting that cultural context plays a critical role in modulating reactive but not proactive language control. These findings reveal the dynamic nature of language control in bilinguals and have important implications for the current models of bilingual language control.

scholarly journals Assessing the evidence for asymmetrical language switch costs and reversed language dominance effects - a meta analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gade
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control

Two seemingly counterintuitive phenomena – asymmetrical language switch costs and the reversed language dominance effect – prove to be particularly controversial in the literature on language control. Asymmetrical language switch costs refer to the larger costs for switching into the dominant language compared to switching into the less dominant language, both relative to staying in either one language. The reversed language dominance effect refers to longer reaction times when in the more dominant of the two languages in situations that require frequent language switching (i.e., mixed-language blocks). The asymmetrical language switch costs are commonly taken as an index for processes of transient, reactive inhibitory language control, whereas the reversed language dominance effect is taken as an index for sustained, proactive inhibitory language control. In the present meta-analysis, we set out to establish the empirical evidence for these two phenomena using a Bayesian linear mixed effects modelling approach. Despite the observation of both phenomena in some studies, our results suggest that overall, there is little evidence for the generality and robustness of these two effects, and this holds true even when conditions – such as language proficiency and preparation time manipulations – were included as moderators of these phenomena. We conclude that asymmetrical switch costs and the reversed language dominance effect are important for theory development, but their utility for theory testing is limited due to their lack of robustness and the absence of confirmed moderatory variables.

Domain-general inhibition ability predicts the intensity of inhibition on non-target language in bilingual word production: An ERP study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1056-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Kang ◽  
Fengyang Ma ◽  
Shuhua Li ◽  
Judith F. Kroll ◽  
Taomei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Flanker Effect ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
Inhibition Ability

AbstractThis study investigated the predictive effects of executive functions on bilingual language control processes. We used a flanker task, a switching task and an n-back task to investigate inhibition, shifting, and updating, respectively. We adopted a cued language switching task to investigate the language control processes during bilingual word production. Results of linear mixed effects models showed that picture naming in switch trials was significantly slower and elicited larger stimulus-locked N2 and N400-like components. The results further showed that the flanker effect alone robustly predicted the variability of the N2 but not N400-like switch effects. These findings suggest that domain-general inhibition appears to predict the intensity of inhibition exerted on the lexical items in the non-target language during bilingual word production, but bilingual language control only partially overlaps with executive functions.

scholarly journals Is it easier to use one language variety at a time, or mix them? An investigation of voluntary language switching with bidialectals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256554
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Neil W. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Language Control ◽  
The Cost

Previous language production research with bidialectals has provided evidence for similar language control processes as during bilingual language production. In the current study, we aim to further investigate this claim by examining bidialectals with a voluntary language switching paradigm. Research with bilinguals performing the voluntary language switching paradigm has consistently shown two effects. First, the cost of switching languages, relative to staying in the same language, is similar across the two languages. The second effect is more uniquely connected to voluntary language switching, namely a benefit when performing in mixed language blocks relative to single language blocks, which has been connected to proactive language control. If a similar pattern could be observed with bidialectals in a voluntary language switching paradigm, then this would provide additional evidence in favor of similar control processes underlying bidialectal and bilingual language production.

Word form retrieval in language production

2007 ◽  
pp. 470-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Eva Belke
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Phonetic Code ◽  
Selection Of

Current models of word form retrieval converge on central assumptions. They all distinguish between morphological, phonological, and phonetic representations and processes; they all assume morphological and phonological decomposition, and agree on the main processing units at these levels. In addition, all current models of word form postulate the same basic retrieval mechanisms: activation and selection of units. Models of word production often distinguish between processes concerning the selection of a single word unit from the mental lexicon and the retrieval of the associated word form. This article explores lexical selection and word form retrieval in language production. Following the distinctions in linguistic theory, it discusses morphological encoding, phonological encoding, and phonetic encoding. The article also considers the representation of phonological knowledge, building of phonological representations, segmental retrieval, retrieval of metrical information, generating the phonetic code of words, and a model of word form retrieval.

scholarly journals Arabic-Spanish Language Contact in Puerto Rico: A Case of Glottal Stop Epenthesis

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Sherez Mohamed ◽  
Carolina González ◽  
Antje Muntendam
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bilingual Group ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
Vowel Height ◽  
Spanish Bilinguals

The current study examines the realization of adjacent vowels across word boundaries in Arabic-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals in Puerto Rico, focusing specifically on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis in this context (e.g., hombre africano to [ˈom.bre.ʔa.fri.ˈka.no]). It was hypothesized that Arabic-Spanish bilinguals would show a higher rate of glottal stop epenthesis than Spanish monolinguals because of transfer from Arabic. In addition, we investigated the possible effects of stress, vowel height, language dominance and bilingual type on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis. Results from a reading task with 8 participants showed no significant difference in glottalization between bilinguals and monolinguals. For monolinguals, glottalization was significantly more likely when the first vowel was low or stressed; significant interactions between vowel height and stress were found for the bilingual group. Language dominance was a significant factor, with Arabic-dominant bilinguals glottalizing more than the Spanish-dominant bilinguals. In addition, early sequential bilinguals favored glottalization slightly more than simultaneous bilinguals, without reaching significance. Our data suggests some effects of syllable structure transfer from Arabic, particularly in Arabic-dominant participants. To our knowledge, our study is the first exploration of Arabic and Spanish in contact in Puerto Rico, and the first to acoustically examine the speech of Arabic-Spanish bilinguals.

scholarly journals A-250 Evidence for Language and Memory Improvements Following Right Anterior Temporal Lobectomy in a Patient with Mixed Language Dominance

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045-1045
Author(s):  
Leonard S ◽  
Olsen E ◽  
Bradbury K
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
History Of

Abstract Objective Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) surgery for epilepsy is commonly associated with post-surgical impairments in memory and language abilities, specifically episodic memory and confrontational naming. Less is known regarding outcomes of patients with atypical language dominance. Method Casey is a 19 year-old, ambidextrous, male with a history of remote symptomatic medically intractable focal epilepsy secondary to right inferior temporal encephalomalacia. Casey underwent right anterior temporal lobectomy and resection of mesial structures including part of the hippocampus. Results Casey’s pre-surgical neuropsychological evaluation revealed overall intellectual functioning in the average range with relative strengths in perceptual reasoning skills and weaknesses in attention, executive control, confrontational naming, and verbal fluency. Casey’s pre-surgical cognitive profile and functional MRI were suggestive of bilateral language organization. At post-surgical evaluation, Casey demonstrated strong overall cognitive abilities, basic reading, visual–spatial skills, and visual memory, as well as notable improvements in his processing speed and visual-motor integration. He demonstrated significant improvement in verbal working memory, verbal fluency, and contextual verbal memory. Casey continued to show significant weaknesses in word finding, phonetic verbal fluency, and rote verbal learning and memory, and milder weaknesses in aspects of executive functioning. Casey continued to demonstrate mood difficulties. Conclusions The current case provides evidence of continued mild deficits in traditional dominant hemisphere skills including rote verbal memory and focal language abilities, in a patient with a history of mixed language dominance, following right hemisphere ATL surgery. This case further highlights the importance of pre-surgical neuropsychological evaluation and fMRI in patients undergoing right ATL surgery.

scholarly journals The use of CAN-Bus messages of an agricultural tractor for monitoring its operation

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Čupera ◽  
P. Sedlák
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Can Bus ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Data Bus ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

The development of electronic components in engine regulation leads to the possibility of obtaining a large amount of parameters of control processes. Nowadays, these data can be read in an easy way due to the properties of used networks. The data obtained from the data bus must be processed carefully; otherwise, there is a risk of erroneous results. The article presents the results of measurements performed on four tractors. We focused on comparing the fuel consumption of engines and the accuracy of flow measurement readings from the CAN-Bus of these tractors. Even the same engines may show considerable differences in fuel consumption, taken from the CAN-Bus. The maximum deviation of the measured values ranged up to around 40%. However, the value of about 41% was measured in the range of fuel consumption of around 10 kg/h, the error of that tractor at the consumption of about 40 kg/h fell to 1.5 kg/h. A significant difference occurred in the tractor with a 235 kW engine. The consumption in the range of 50 kg/h showed an error of 8.4 kg/h. An improvement of the results can be achieved using derived regression functions. Based on our experience with the measurement of other types of tractors, we know that a similar situation with the accuracy of CAN-Bus data is also an issue in other categories of vehicles.

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