scholarly journals The Influence of the Gender Asterisk (“Gendersternchen”) on Comprehensibility and Interest

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus C. G. Friedrich ◽  
Veronika Drößler ◽  
Nicole Oberlehberg ◽  
Elke Heise
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Full Attention ◽  
Male Player

Recently, the gender asterisk (“Gendersternchen”) has become more widespread in grammatical gender languages in order to represent all genders. Such gender-fair language is intended to help better address women and other genders and make their interests and achievements more visible. Critics often argue this would make the language less comprehensible and less aesthetically appealing. Two experiments examined the effects of the gender asterisk on text comprehensibility, aesthetic perception, and interest. N = 159 and N = 127 participants were randomly provided with a text in either masculine-only form or alternatively in gender-fair language with the gender asterisk. The results of the first experiment showed no impairment of comprehensibility and aesthetic evaluation of the texts by the gender asterisk and no effect on interest in the game, while the second experiment showed significant impairments of comprehensibility, aesthetic evaluation, and interest in the game by the gender asterisk. The proportion of singular forms is discussed as a possible explanation for the different results. Experiment 1 predominantly used plural forms like die Spieler*innen (∼“the fe*male players”) and did not include forms such as der*die Spieler*in (∼“the*the fe*male player”), whereas Experiment 2 included many such more complex singular forms. We argue that this issue might be crucial, and that it deserves full attention in future studies.

scholarly journals Aesthetic perception of the height of the lip vermilion border by black and white laypeople

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Matheus Pithon ◽  
Adriano Oliveira ◽  
Sara Oliveira ◽  
Edmone Eça ◽  
Samylle Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
San Jose ◽  
White People ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Black Evaluators ◽  
Do So

AIM: To assess the degree of aesthetic perception of the height of the vermilion border of the lip among laypeople of black and white ethnicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: in possession of an extraoral photograph of a 25 years old woman with lips at rest, changes were effectuated reducing the height of the lip vermilion in increments of 0.5 mm (0-default to -3.0 mm). To do so, a program for image manipulation (Adobe Photoshop CS4, San Jose, CA, USA) was used. Once the images obtained, they were printed and arranged randomly on a questionnaire to be evaluated by the examiners (n=200). A graduated visual analogue scale of 0 to 10 points for aesthetic evaluation, where 0 represented "not very attractive", 5 "attractive" and 10 "very attractive", was used. To evaluate the differences between the examiners, the Mann-Whitney test was used. RESULTS: There was significant difference between male and female evaluators in evaluating the effect of the height of the vermilion on the attractiveness of the lip. Black and white people were able to identify changes in the height of the vermilion border of the lip, verifying that this height is acceptable till -2mm. Black evaluators gave lower scores to the -3 mm height vermilion than white evaluators, and this has been a clinically significant difference (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: changes in the height of the vermilion border of the lip are acceptable up to -2mm gap among black and white people of both genders, gradually decaying to major changes and having a preference, mostly, for the greater height of the vermilion border of the lip.

scholarly journals Aesthetic evaluation of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors by orthodontists and laypersons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Zhiwei Cao ◽  
Yang Yao ◽  
Zhihe Zhao ◽  
Wen Liao
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dental Model ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Smile Aesthetics

Abstract Background: The maxillary anterior teeth play a crucial role in smile aesthetics. Previous studies regarding the importance of maxillary lateral incisors for smile aesthetics concentrated on their size, incisor edge level, and inclination, etc. However, the aesthetic effect of lateral incisor movement in the spatial position has not been studied yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors on the aesthetic perception of smiles by orthodontists and laypersons, as well as analyze differences in this perception between male and female raters.Methods: A three-dimensional (3D) dental model was generated from the photograph of a man’s smile using iOrtho7.0 software (Time Angel, Wuxi, China). Based on this model, seven images were generated with different labiolingual positions of the maxillary lateral incisors in 0.5 mm increments (+ indicating labial translation, and - indicating lingual translation). The images were evaluated by 86 orthodontists and 161 laypersons using a visual analog scale, with lower scores indicating less attractiveness. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc test.Results: There was no significant difference in smile ratings by males and females. Orthodontists assigned lower scores to all images than laypersons. The smile at +1.5 mm was considered the least attractive by orthodontists, while smiles at +1.5 mm and -1.5 mm were regarded as the least attractive by laypersons. The smile at 0 mm was evaluated as the most attractive by all raters. Laypersons gave different scores to smiles at 0 or -0.5 mm, but orthodontists did not.Conclusions: The labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors does affect the perception of smile aesthetics. Orthodontists may rate smile aesthetics more critically than laypersons. Therefore, communication and discussion between orthodontists and patients is needed to achieve better therapeutic and aesthetic outcomes.

scholarly journals Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions

Languages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Bellamy ◽  
M. Parafita Couto ◽  
Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Translation Equivalent ◽  
Masculine Gender

Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.

scholarly journals An Aesthetic Measurement Approach for Evaluating Product Appearance Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Han Chen ◽  
Anran Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Emotional Design ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Appearance Design ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Product Appearance

After completing the market positioning of products, catering for the functional and emotional needs of consumers is the key to achieve the success of product design. In the present study, the psychological theory is employed to screen the subjects and quantitatively evaluate the alternative design schemes to ensure the optimal design scheme. Then, an evaluation method of product appearance design based on eye tracking and aesthetic perception measurement is obtained. With the design of campus street lamp as an example, this paper evaluates the appearance design of products using emotional measurement and eye tracking technology. IAPS is used to screen out the participants who can represent the emotions and aesthetic experience of the public. Subsequently, the index system of aesthetic evaluation is established according to aesthetic theory, and the transformation relationship between aesthetic evaluation index and physiological eye movement index is determined. Finally, the eye tracking technology is used to evaluate the aesthetic feeling of each alternative, and the best design schemes are obtained. This study aims to explore a simple, practical, and low-cost product design evaluation method. As a hotspot in the research field of product design methodology, emotional design has broad prospects for application. Moreover, this paper also proposes a new direction for the development of emotional design research, which is based on quantitative analysis with the supplement of qualitative analysis.

The impact of semantic fluency on consumers' aesthetic evaluation in graphic designs with text

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-446
Author(s):  
Xun Deng ◽  
Liangyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Fashion Designers ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the influence of semantic fluency on consumers' aesthetic evaluation in graphic designs with text and the mediating effect of visual complexity in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses are examined in three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 both verify that Chinese consumers rated the designs with low (vs high) semantic fluency words as more beautiful, and Experiment 3 further confirmed this effect in non-Chinese speakers.FindingsConfirmed by Chinese and non-Chinese consumers, high fluency text leads to lower perceived visual complexity and less aesthetic perception of the entire design.Research limitations/implicationsFindings enrich the theory of beauty standards and put forward challenges to the positive relationship between processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure. Findings are limited to the decorative function of text, and lack discussions on how designers should balance when the informational function of text is equally important.Originality/valueThis study is the first to discuss how designs with text influence consumers' aesthetic perception and provides meaningful guidelines of transnational marketing for fashion designers and enterprises.

scholarly journals Aesthetic evaluation of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors by orthodontists and laypersons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Zhiwei Cao ◽  
Yang Yao ◽  
Zhihe Zhao ◽  
Wen Liao
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dental Model ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Smile Aesthetics

Abstract Background: The maxillary anterior teeth play a crucial role in smile aesthetics. Previous studies regarding the importance of maxillary lateral incisors for smile aesthetics concentrated on their size, incisor edge level, and inclination, etc. However, the aesthetic effect of lateral incisor movement in the spatial position has not been studied yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors on the aesthetic perception of smiles by orthodontists and laypersons, as well as analyze differences in this perception between male and female raters.Methods: A three-dimensional (3D) dental model was generated from the photograph of a man’s smile using iOrtho7.0 software (Time Angel, Wuxi, China). Based on this model, seven images were generated with different labiolingual positions of the maxillary lateral incisors in 0.5 mm increments (+ indicating labial translation, and - indicating lingual translation). The images were evaluated by 86 orthodontists and 161 laypersons using a visual analog scale, with lower scores indicating less attractiveness. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc test.Results: There was no significant difference in smile ratings by males and females. Orthodontists assigned lower scores to all images than laypersons. The smile at +1.5 mm was considered the least attractive by orthodontists, while smiles at +1.5 mm and -1.5 mm were regarded as the least attractive by laypersons. The smile at 0 mm was evaluated as the most attractive by all raters. Laypersons gave different scores to smiles at 0 or -0.5 mm, but orthodontists did not.Conclusions: The labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors does affect the perception of smile aesthetics. Orthodontists may rate smile aesthetics more critically than laypersons. Therefore, communication and discussion between orthodontists and patients is needed to achieve better therapeutic and aesthetic outcomes.

scholarly journals Aesthetic evaluation of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors by orthodontists and laypersons

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Zhiwei Cao ◽  
Yang Yao ◽  
Zhihe Zhao ◽  
Wen Liao
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dental Model ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Smile Aesthetics

Abstract Background The maxillary anterior teeth play a crucial role in smile aesthetics. Previous studies regarding the importance of maxillary lateral incisors for smile aesthetics concentrated on their size, incisor edge level, and inclination, etc. However, the aesthetic effect of lateral incisor movement in the spatial position has not been studied yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors on the aesthetic perception of smiles by orthodontists and laypersons, as well as analyze differences in this perception between male and female raters. Methods A three-dimensional (3D) dental model was generated from the photograph of a man’s smile using iOrtho7.0 software (Time Angel, Wuxi, China). Based on this model, seven images were generated with different labiolingual positions of the maxillary lateral incisors in 0.5 mm increments (+ indicating labial translation, and—indicating lingual translation). The images were evaluated by 86 orthodontists and 161 laypersons using a visual analog scale, with lower scores indicating less attractiveness. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc test. Results There was no significant difference in smile ratings by males and females. Orthodontists assigned lower scores to all images than laypersons. The smile at + 1.5 mm was considered the least attractive by orthodontists, while smiles at + 1.5 mm and − 1.5 mm were regarded as the least attractive by laypersons. The smile at 0 mm was evaluated as the most attractive by all raters. Laypersons gave different scores to smiles at 0 or − 0.5 mm, but orthodontists did not. Conclusions The labiolingual position of maxillary lateral incisors does affect the perception of smile aesthetics. Orthodontists may rate smile aesthetics more critically than laypersons. Therefore, communication and discussion between orthodontists and patients is needed to achieve better therapeutic and aesthetic outcomes.

An Early Developmental Marker for Radial Glia in Rat Spinal Cord

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
V. Kriho ◽  
H.-Y. Yang ◽  
C.-M. Lue ◽  
N. Lieska ◽  
G. D. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Spinal Cord Development ◽  
Median Septum ◽  
Differentiation Marker ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Developing Rat

Radial glia have been classically defined as those early glial cells that radially span their thin processes from the ventricular to the pial surfaces in the developing central nervous system. These radial glia constitute a transient cell population, disappearing, for the most part, by the end of the period of neuronal migration. Traditionally, it has been difficult to definitively identify these cells because the principal criteria available were morphologic only.Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have previously defined a phenotype for radial glia in rat spinal cord based upon the sequential expression of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and an intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-70/280kD. We report here the application of another intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-300kD, originally identified in BHK-21 cells, to the immunofluorescence study of radial glia in the developing rat spinal cord.Results showed that IFAP-300kD appeared very early in rat spinal cord development. In fact by embryonic day 13, IFAP-300kD immunoreactivity was already at its peak and was observed in most of the radial glia which span the spinal cord from the ventricular to the subpial surfaces (Fig. 1). Interestingly, from this time, IFAP-300kD immunoreactivity diminished rapidly in a dorsal to ventral manner, so that by embryonic day 16 it was detectable only in the maturing macroglial cells in the marginal zone of the spinal cord and the dorsal median septum (Fig. 2). By birth, the spinal cord was essentially immuno-negative for this IFAP. Thus, IFAP-300kD appears to be another differentiation marker available for future studies of gliogenesis, especially for the early stages of radial glia differentiation.

Autophagy and ageing: implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Carroll ◽  
Graeme Hewitt ◽  
Viktor I. Korolchuk
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Intracellular Degradation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Cellular Dysfunction ◽  
Autophagy Activity ◽  
Intense Research

Autophagy is a process of lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation that participates in the liberation of resources including amino acids and energy to maintain homoeostasis. Autophagy is particularly important in stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and any perturbation in the ability of the cell to activate or regulate autophagy can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. An area of intense research interest is the role and indeed the fate of autophagy during cellular and organismal ageing. Age-related disorders are associated with increased cellular stress and assault including DNA damage, reduced energy availability, protein aggregation and accumulation of damaged organelles. A reduction in autophagy activity has been observed in a number of ageing models and its up-regulation via pharmacological and genetic methods can alleviate age-related pathologies. In particular, autophagy induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy up-regulation can also occur during ageing. Indeed, in certain situations, reduced autophagosome induction may actually provide benefits to ageing cells. Future studies will undoubtedly improve our understanding of exactly how the multiple signals that are integrated to control appropriate autophagy activity change during ageing, what affect this has on autophagy and to what extent autophagy contributes to age-associated pathologies. Identification of mechanisms that influence a healthy lifespan is of economic, medical and social importance in our ‘ageing’ world.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

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