scholarly journals COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Islam H. Elrobaa ◽  
Karl J. New
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Introduction: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the most significant event in 2020, with ~86.8 million cases and 1.88 million deaths worldwide. It is a highly infectious disease, wherein the virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) rapidly multiplies and spreads to all parts of the body. Therefore, COVID-19 is not only respiratory disease but also a multisystem disease. Many people, including physicians, incorrectly believe that the disease affects only the respiratory tract. In this study, we aimed to describe COVID-19 manifestations and the underlying pathophysiology to provide the readers with a better understanding of this disease to achieve good management and to control the spread of this disease.Methods: Secondary data were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The keywords used for the search were as follows: COVID-19, COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations, COVID-19 extra pulmonary manifestations, and pathophysiology of COVID-19. We collected secondary data from systemic reviews, metaanalyses, case series, and case reports in the form of public data that was published on websites of the government, medical corporations, medical peer-reviewed journals, and medical academies, all of which were indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, or Scopus. Our questions were as follows: Is COVID-19 a respiratory disease only? and What are the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19?Results: From our data, we found that a patient with COVID-19 may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic. Symptomatic cases may have either pulmonary or extrapulmonary manifestations. Pulmonary manifestations occur as mild, moderate, or severe cases. In mild and moderate cases, extrapulmonary manifestations such as gastroenteritis, fever, or vomiting may present alone. Some of these cases may be missed for diagnosis, and the patient may receive symptomatic treatment without a COVID-19 diagnosis, leading to increased spread of the infection. Extrapulmonary manifestations may occur in severe and critical cases as complications of severe infections (high viral overload) or the cytokine storm, such as in acute kidney injury (AKI), heart failure (HF), and venous thromboembolic (VTE) manifestation.Conclusion: COVID-19 is not a respiratory disease alone; rather, it is a multisystem disease. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations should be considered for early diagnosis and to control the spread of the infection.

scholarly journals Extra-Pulmonary Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multi System Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Vijayasree Biruduraju ◽  
◽  
Ankita R. Chawla ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
World Health ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
The World ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2), has been recently declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Apart from acute respiratory manifestations, SARS-CoV-2 may also adversely affect other organ systems. To date, however, there is a very limited understanding of the manifestations and management of COVID-19 related conditions outside of the pulmonary system. This study provides an overview of the current literature about the extra pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 that may affect the renal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematological, hematopoietic, neurological, or reproductive systems. This study also describes the current understanding of the extra pulmonary manifestations caused by COVID-19 to improve the management and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods A total number of 200 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease were retrospectively evaluated for extra-pulmonary manifestations findings or complications. These patients had undergone various imaging studies, blood examinations during the course of hospital stay. The data reviewed using the institutional PACS, database system over a period of four months (August to November 2020). Results Among the 200 patients (males and females), 175 of them had extra-pulmonary complications. Various extra-pulmonary findings such as acute kidney injury, renal failure, cytokinase strome, acute myocardial injury, congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, gastrointestinal, neurological complications were observed. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria All retrospective clinical studies, case series, and case reports with data on extra-pulmonary manifestations in COVID-19 that were published from the end of December 2019 till the end of February 2021 were included. Studies that did not mention extrapulmonary manifestations were excluded. Literature Search The review was based on publications available on PubMed and data collected by the World Health Organization (WHO). Search terms used were ‘novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV)’, ‘SARS- CoV-2’, or ‘COVID-19’ combined with ‘asymptomatic’, ‘gastrointestinal’, ‘cardiac’, ‘neurological’, ‘hepatic’, ‘hematological’, ‘renal’, ‘psychiatric’, ‘hematological’, and ‘atypical’.

scholarly journals Post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults: a new clinical challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2128
Author(s):  
T. Suresh Babu ◽  
Sudhir Chandra Sinha ◽  
Siva Kumar Darimireddy ◽  
K. Kalyan Chakravarthy ◽  
Kotipalli Vidya Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Splenic Artery ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Challenge ◽  
Artery Thrombosis ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Respiratory Pathology ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

The spectrum of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to evolve since its outbreak in November 2019. Although COVID-19 most commonly causes substantial respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extra pulmonary manifestations. Association between COVID-19 disease and a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and adolescents has now been well defined. However, case reports describing a similar phenomenon in adults are sparse. We presented a case of 42 year old male who presented 3 weeks after initial COVID-19 infection with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction, splenic artery thrombosis, generalized anasarca, with hepatic and renal dysfunction, but minimal respiratory symptoms. He had a turbulent hospital course. However timely suspicion of presence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adult (MIS-A) and use of hemoadsorption filters helped to save his life.

scholarly journals P124 Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ECCO CONFER Multicentre Case Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S215-S216
Author(s):  
S Festa ◽  
G Zerboni ◽  
L Derikx ◽  
D G Ribaldone ◽  
G Dragoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumour ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Case Report Form ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours deriving from the diffuse endocrine system. NENs may occur almost everywhere in the body but are most common in the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the lungs, with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours representing 70% of all NENs. GEP-NENs have rarely been reported in association with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) but no definitive relationship between these tumours and IBD has been established Methods This was an ECCO COllaborative Network For Exceptionally Rare case reports project (ECCO-CONFER). We included cases of GEP-NENs diagnosed in patients with IBD that met the diagnostic criteria for NEN according to the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society. Data were retrospectively collected in a standardized case report form and analysed for event association with patient’s and IBD-related factors Results GEP-NEN was diagnosed in 100 patients with IBD [61% female, 55% Crohn’s disease, median age 48 years (IQR 37–59)]. Overall the most common location was the appendix (39/100) followed by the colon (22/100). Complete IBD-related data was available for 50 individuals with a median follow-up of 30.5 months (IQR 11.2–70) following NEN diagnosis. At the last follow-up data, 47/50 patients were alive. Three deaths occurred, of which 2 were related to NEN. Median duration of IBD at NEN diagnosis was 84 months (IQR 10–151), and in 18% of cases NEN and IBD were diagnosed concomitantly. 20/50 of NENs were at stage I (T1N0M0) and 28/50 graded G1 (ki 67 ≤2 %) at diagnosis. Incidental diagnosis of NEN either during follow-up or during surgery as well as receiving diagnosis of NEN concomitantly with IBD was significantly associated with an earlier NEN stage (p< 0.01 and p<0.02, respectively). Exposure to immunomodulatory and/or biologic therapy was not associated with advanced NEN stage or grade. Interestingly, primary GEP-NEN sites significantly correlated to the segment affected by IBD (62% vs 38% p = 0.02) Conclusion In the largest case series to date, prognosis of patients with concomitant GEP-NEN and IBD seems favorable. Incidental NEN diagnosis correlates with an earlier NEN stage and IBD-related therapies are independent of NEN stage and grade. The association of GEP-NEN location and the segment affected by IBD may suggest a possible role of inflammation in NEN tumorigenesis

scholarly journals A comprehensive review on clinical and mechanistic pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19 Malady: How far have we come?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baila Shakaib ◽  
Tanzeel Zohra ◽  
Aamer Ikram ◽  
Muhammad Bin Shakaib ◽  
Amna Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSince its outbreak in 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic, affecting more than 52 million people and causing more than 1 million mortalities globally till date. Current research reveals a wide array of disease manifestations and behaviors encompassing multiple organ systems in body and immense systemic inflammation, which have been summarized in this review. Data from a number of scientific reviews, research articles, case series, observational studies, and case reports were retrieved by utilizing online search engines such as Cochrane, PubMed, and Scopus from December 2019 to November 2020. The data for prevalence of signs and symptoms, underlying disease mechanisms and comorbidities were analyzed using SPSS version 25. This review will discuss a wide range of COVID-19 clinical presentations recorded till date, and the current understanding of both the underlying general as well as system specific pathophysiologic, and pathogenetic pathways. These include direct viral penetration into host cells through ACE2 receptors, induction of inflammosomes and immune response through viral proteins, and the initiation of system-wide inflammation and cytokine production. Moreover, peripheral organ damage and underlying comorbid diseases which can lead to short term and long term, reversible and irreversible damage to the body have also been studied. We concluded that underlying comorbidities and their pathological effects on the body contributed immensely and determine the resultant disease severity and mortality of the patients. Presently there is no drug approved for treatment of COVID-19, however multiple vaccines are now in use and research for more is underway.

Psychopharmacological options for adult patients with anorexia nervosa

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Miniati ◽  
Mauro Mauri ◽  
Agnese Ciberti ◽  
Michela Giorgi Mariani ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Drug Classes

The aim of this review was to summarize evidence from research on psychopharmacological options for adult patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Database searches of MEDLINE and PsycINFO (from January 1966 to January 2014) were performed, and original articles published as full papers, brief reports, case reports, or case series were included. Forty-one papers were screened in detail, and salient characteristics of pharmacological options for AN were summarized for drug classes. The body of evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in AN was unsatisfactory, the quality of observations was questionable (eg, the majority were not blinded), and sample size was often small. More trials are needed, while considering that nonresponse and nonremission are typical of patients with AN.

scholarly journals Is there any relationship between extra-pulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and atopy/respiratory allergy in children?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Poddighe ◽  
Gian Luigi Marseglia
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Complications ◽  
Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection

<em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> is a common cause of respiratory infections in children, but sometimes extra-pulmonary diseases can be observed. The immunological mechanisms involved in these extra-respiratory complications are unknown. Here, we report a small case series of Mycoplasma-related diseases including 5 children who developed: i) aseptic meningitis; ii) urticarial rash and pericardial effusion; iii) pleural effusion with severe eosinophilia; iv) Stevens-Johnson syndrome; v) multiform erythema. Interestingly, all children were moderately to highly atopic, as a common immunologic feature.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Patients with Solid Organ Transplantation: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Hage ◽  
Carolin Steinack ◽  
Christian Benden ◽  
Macé M. Schuurmans
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Increased Risk

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is causing a pandemic of unknown precedent, with huge healthcare challenges and worldwide disruptions to economic and social life. Lung transplant recipients and other solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are immunosuppressed, and therefore are generally considered at an increased risk for severe infections. Given the current gap in knowledge and evidence regarding the best management of these patients, we conducted a systematic review of studies on SARS-CoV-2 infections and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SOT recipients, to evaluate the association between immunosuppression in these patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes. The focus was the severity of the disease, the need for mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and rate of death. The literature search was conducted repeatedly between 16 March and 8 April 2020. We searched original papers, observational studies, case reports, and meta-analyses published between 2019 and 2020 using two databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) with the search terms: [transplant OR immunosuppression] AND [COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2]. Further inclusion criteria were publications in English, French, German and Italian, and reference to humans. We also searched the reference lists of the studies encountered. From an initial search of PubMed and Google Scholar, 19 potential articles were retrieved, of which 14 were excluded after full-text screening (not being case reports or case series), leaving 5 studies for inclusion. No further studies were identified from the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Based on the limited research, no firm conclusions can be made concerning SOT recipients, but the current evidence suggests that immunosuppression is most likely associated with a better outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 because it prevents hyperinflammation (cytokine storm) in this particular population. There is a need for further research that would allow results to be adjusted for other factors potentially impacting COVID-19 severity and outcome.

scholarly journals Synchronous colonic malignancy and tuberculosis: a rare histologic surprise

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3505
Author(s):  
Agrawal Kavita Khemchand ◽  
Kaptan Singh ◽  
Kim Vaiphei ◽  
Lileshwar Kaman
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resected Specimen ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Ileocecal Region ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Colonic Malignancy ◽  
Histopathological Evaluation ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Common Association

Coexistence of colorectal cancer and tuberculosis of same site is described in few of case reports. Tuberculosis (TB) is known to involve any part of the body. Intestinal TB accounts for the majority of extra pulmonary TB, ileocecal region being the most common site. TB has been known to be associated with various types of malignancy. The most common association is malignancy and pulmonary TB. However, association of extra pulmonary TB and malignancy at the same site is relatively uncommon. This case report describes synchronous colonic malignancy and tuberculosis on histopathological evaluation of the resected specimen in a 42-year female patient.

Research into Acupuncture for Respiratory Disease in Japan: A Systematic Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Suzuki ◽  
Yoko Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Moxibustion Therapy ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cough Variant Asthma ◽  
Acupuncture And Moxibustion

Background In Japan, studies on acupuncture therapy for respiratory disease have rarely been reported. Additionally, most of the reports are difficult for overseas researchers to access because they are written in Japanese and cannot be located using Medline. Purpose To review studies on acupuncture and moxibustion therapy for respiratory disease conducted in Japan. Data sources The results of a literature search using “Igaku Chuo Zasshi Web” and the Medical Online Library, both of which are Japanese databases, covering the period between 1979 and 2006. Study selection This study reviewed references cited in retrieved documents and selected original articles and case reports on acupuncture and moxibustion therapy for respiratory disease. Data extraction The search terms used were “acupuncture” and “respiratory disease”, along with “respiratory”, “asthma”, “COPD”, “bronchitis” and “common cold”. Results The study retrieved 34 papers on acupuncture treatment for respiratory disease written in Japanese (9 full papers, 19 case reports and 6 case series). The papers dealt with such conditions as asthma (14 trials), cough variant asthma (one trial), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (seven trials), chronic bronchitis (one trial), usual/idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (one trial) and the common cold (two trials). The study also found eight trials dealing with cold prevention. Conclusions A small number of reports on acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for respiratory diseases were found in the Japanese databases. Future studies must use more rigorous evaluation methods, such as randomised controlled trials, to measure the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy for treating respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Isolated Cervical Tubercular Lymphadenopathy, How to Proceed?: A Case Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ravi Singh Dogra ◽  
Arjun Singh ◽  
Vinay Bhardwaj ◽  
Poonam ◽  
Srijan Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Female Predominance ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Tubercular Lymphadenitis

Tuberculosis is a highly prevalent disease in developing countries, the majority of cases are pulmonary and rest are extra-pulmonary. Cervical LN tuberculosis is one of the most common types of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis without accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis or another form of tuberculosis in the body is rare and, when present, requires thorough clinical examination and investigation. In the investigation of such patients, FNAC plays a major role, and aspirate should be tested for AFB through ZN stain and CBNAAT (PCR). Cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis is mainly a disease of young with a female predominance. All patients of cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis must receive antitubercular therapy with strict follow up for compliance and possible side effects from treatment.

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