scholarly journals The Importance of Biobehavioral Research to Examine the Physiological Effects of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in the Latinx Population

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Airín D. Martínez ◽  
Evelyn Mercado ◽  
Marielena Barbieri ◽  
Su Yeong Kim ◽  
Douglas A. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A growing body of research is documenting how racial and ethnic populations embody social inequalities throughout the life course. Some scholars recommend the integration of biospecimens representing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurological and endocrinological processes, and inflammation to capture the embodiment of inequality. However, in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups, there has been little research examining how Hispanic/Latinx persons embody racial and ethnic discrimination, much less resulting from institutional and structural racism. We provide a rationale for expanding biobehavioral research examining the physiological consequences of racism among Latinx persons. We identify gaps and make recommendations for a future research agenda in which biobehavioral research can expand knowledge about chronic disease inequities among Latinx populations and inform behavioral and institutional interventions. We end by cautioning readers to approach the recommendations in this article as a call to expand the embodiment of racism research to include the diverse Latinx population as the United States addresses racial inequity.

The Energy Politics of the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-405
Author(s):  
Juliann Emmons Allison ◽  
Srinivas Parinandi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Energy Politics ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Subnational Governance

This chapter examines the development and politics of US energy policy, with an emphasis on three themes: the distribution of authority to regulate energy between national (or federal) and subnational governments, the relationship between energy and environmental policy and regulation, and the role of climate action in energy politics. It reviews patterns of energy production and consumption; provides an overview of national energy politics; and reviews literatures on federalism and energy politics and policy, the increasing integration of energy and environmental policies, and the politics of energy and climate action. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda that underscores the significance of political polarization, subnational governance, and technological innovation for understanding US energy policy.

Fighting Poverty in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-103
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Immigration Status ◽  
United State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Contemporary United States

A major thread that runs through the fight against poverty in the United States is its connection between the history, values, and beliefs and interventions designed to combat poverty. Certain factors determine the characteristics of poverty in the United State of America: racial and ethnic discrimination, age, gender, residence, employment, inter-generational mobility, and immigration status. This chapter, therefore, seeks to examine the historical implications to poverty, the values and beliefs about poverty and the poor, legislative interventions, conceptual clarifications and poverty measures, realities of poverty in the contemporary United States, and potential policy solutions.

Immigrant Families Over the Life Course

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Clark ◽  
Jennifer E. Glick ◽  
Regina M. Bures
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Immigrant Families ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
The Life Course

Family researchers and policy makers are giving increasing attention to the consequences of immigration for families. Immigration affects the lives of family members who migrate as well as those who remain behind and has important consequences for family formation, kinship ties, living arrangements, and children's outcomes. We present a selective review of the literature on immigrant families in the United States, focusing on key research themes and needs. A summary of secondary data sets that can be used to study immigrant families is presented as well as suggestions for future research in this increasingly important area of family research and policy.

Schooling in the Course of Human Lives: The Social Context of Education and the Transition to Adulthood in Industrial Society

1993 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Pallas
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Cross National

This review examines the role of schooling in the life course of individuals, focusing on the timing and sequencing of schooling in the transition to adulthood. First, I examine conceptual issues in the study of schooling and the life course, drawing heavily on the sociological literature. I then consider the timing and sequencing of schooling in the transition to adulthood in the United States, and the consequences of variations in the timing and sequencing of schooling for adult social and economic success. I then discuss the role of social structure, norms, and institutional arrangements in the transition to adulthood, with special attention to cross-national comparisons with the U. S. and historical changes within countries. I conclude with speculations regarding trends in the role of schooling in the life course, and some directions for future research on this topic.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Across Nursing Homes That Disproportionally Serve Minority Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 241-241
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Indrakshi Roy ◽  
Amol Karmarkar ◽  
Kimberly Erler ◽  
James Rudolph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total Death ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract The Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionally affected communities of color and older adults in the United States. Nursing homes (NHs) have reported over 130,000 COVID-19 deaths (or one-fourth of all US deaths) circa March 2021, a high share of the nation’s total death count (CMS COVID-19 NH Data). These inequities partially driven by barriers to care, segregation and structural racism have resulted in the unequal impact of COVID-19 across NHs (Li et al., 2020). In this presentation, I will describe NHs that disproportionally care for minority residents and the effect of NH composition on COVID-19-related mortality and outcomes. In 2020, minority older adults were less likely to have access to high quality facilities. From June – August, NHs with a high proportion of minority residents reported higher COVID-19 mortality rates per 1000 residents. Equal access to high quality of care across the life-course among racial and ethnic groups is needed.

Social Inequalities, Psychological Risk and Resilience, and Health

2018 ◽  
pp. 412-430
Author(s):  
Jennifer Morozink Boylan ◽  
Christopher L. Coe ◽  
Carol D. Ryff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Biopsychosocial Perspective ◽  
Psychological Risk

Epidemiological evidence from the Midlife in the United States and other studies shows robust socioeconomic disparities in mental and physical health outcomes. Considerable heterogeneity exists in health within socioeconomic strata; not all socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals exhibit poor health. Evidence is presented supporting an integrative conceptual framework wherein psychological factors moderate the association between socioeconomic status and health, illuminating unique risk and resilience profiles. Regarding protective factors, distinctions between hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being are highlighted. Regarding psychological risk factors, the focus is on the experience and expression of anger. Several pathways through which socioeconomic and psychological factors may affect health, including health behaviors, emotion regulation, and physiological responses to stress are considered. The chapter concludes with directions for future research, including efforts to integrate psychological strengths and risk factors and the need for longitudinal and intervention approaches to address the public health issue of health disparities from a biopsychosocial perspective.

Curriculum Development for Advancing Heritage Language Competence: Recent Research, Current Practices, and a Future Agenda

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 24-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimi Kondo-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Language Curriculum ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Definition Of

In the last few decades, research on teaching heritage language (HL) learners has expanded enormously and encouraged language professionals to work toward responsible curriculum development for this specific type of learners. This article suggests ways to expand current curriculum research and practices with the goal of advancing the HL competence of learners. To this end, this article examines the scope, trends, and issues in recent theoretical and practical studies concerning curriculum development for HL learners from various language backgrounds, especially those in the United States. A definition of HL learners is presented first, which is followed by a discussion of general second language curriculum development frameworks with specific reference to HL instruction. Then, the article examines the contexts, challenges, and possibilities for teaching HLs to school-age children in precollegiate programs. Next, it turns to a discussion of issues and recommendations for teaching postsecondary HL students. The article concludes by discussing curricular and pedagogical recommendations for HL professionals as well as a future research agenda that could promote the advancement of HL competence in all educational institutions.

scholarly journals Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salomé Marivoet
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Social Facts ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Discrimination

AbstractSport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.

Discrimination and Latino Health: A Systematic Review of Risk and Resilience

2020 ◽  
pp. 154041532092148
Author(s):  
Nadia Andrade ◽  
Athena D. Ford ◽  
Carmen Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Future Research Directions

Introduction: As anti-immigrant hostility toward Latino populations grows, more fervent attention is needed to consider strength-based approaches to attenuate the effects of perceived discrimination. This systematic review synthesizes the evidence about the effects of racial/ethnic discrimination on mental, physical, and health behaviors of Latinos and examines the coping mechanisms and cultural factors that attenuate the negative association between discrimination and health among adult Latinos living in the United States. Method: The search criteria included articles that (a) examined ethnic/racial discrimination in relationship to a health outcome, (b) had study samples composed of least 25% Latino adults, and (c) were written in English. Results: A total of 33 studies were included in the review. Our findings demonstrated the negative relationship between perceived discrimination, mental health, and health behaviors. The evidence for the relationship between perceived discrimination and physical health was less robust. For mental health, greater feeling of ethnic pride and belonging attenuated the negative relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential for building on ethnic identity for addressing mental health and perceived discrimination. Future research directions are outlined to address identified gaps.

scholarly journals The Racialized Pandemic: Wave One of COVID-19 and the Reproduction of Global North Inequalities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gerda Hooijer ◽  
Desmond King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
White Majority ◽  
Global North ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
The Impact

We document the broad patterns of COVID-19 as it affects minority communities. We present a theoretical framework rooted in Global North democracies’ racial and ethnic legacies to analyze the health and economic disparities between these communities and the white majority population. Marshalling first-cut empirical evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Sweden, we find patterns of the pandemic’s distribution consistent with how the burden of racial and ethnic legacies endures: people from minority communities have worse health and economic outcomes under normal circumstances, inequalities the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated. The comparison shows that the impact of racial and ethnic discrimination on pandemic policy outcomes is not unique to the United States. Health inequalities stemming in part from patterns of institutional racism and discrimination perversely help reproduce these societal inequities. We find that governments’ initial responses have failed to mitigate the disproportionate impact of this health and economic crisis on minority communities because they did not acknowledge or address the particular challenges that these groups face.

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