scholarly journals Conceptualising Four Categories of Behaviours: Implications for Implementation Strategies to Achieve Behaviour Change

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Nilsen ◽  
Sebastian Potthoff ◽  
Sarah A. Birken
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Conscious Processing

Background: Effectiveness of implementation strategies is influenced by the extent to which they are based on appropriate theories concerning the behaviours that the strategies intend to impact. Effectiveness may be limited simply because the strategies are based on theories that are limited in scope or are derived from partially inaccurate assumptions about the behaviours in question. It may therefore be important to combine insights from various theories to cover the range of influences on the behaviours that will be changed.Aim: This article aims to explore concepts, theories and empirical findings from different disciplines to categorise four types of behaviours and discuss the implications for implementation strategies attempting to change these behaviours.Influences on behaviours: Multilevel influences on behaviours are dichotomized into individual-level and collective-level influences, and behaviours that are guided by conscious cognitive processes are distinguished from those that rely on non-conscious processing. Combining the two dimensions (levels and cognitive modes) creates a 2 x 2 conceptual map consisting of four categories of behaviours. Explicitly conceptualising the levels and cognitive modes is crucial because different implementation strategies are required depending on the characteristics of the behaviours involved in the practise that needs to be changed.Conclusion: The 2 x 2 conceptual map can be used to consider and reflect on the nature of the behaviours that need to be changed, thus providing guidance on the type of theory, model or framework that might be most relevant for understanding and facilitating behaviour change.

Ecological field theory model: a mechanistic approach to simulate plant–plant interactions in southeastern forest ecosystems

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2180-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Mou ◽  
Robert J. Mitchell ◽  
Robert H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Plant Plant

Ecological field theory, unlike many other vegetation modeling approaches, provides a basis to construct an individually based, spatially explicit, and resource-mediated model for mechanistic simulation of plant–plant interactions and vegetation dynamics. The model REGROW has been developed, based on ecological field theory principles, to simulate vegetation dynamics for northern hardwood forests. Using data from a current study of a southern pine system to calibrate a modified version of this model, SPGROW, we simulated growth of individuals for the first growing season in stands of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings and loblolly pine seedling–sweetgum sprout mixtures. SPGROW accurately simulated stand development at population and stand levels. However, less agreement occurred at the individual level between simulated and field survey values, possibly owing to lack of data on site heterogeneity and genetic variation. Plant interactions, which altered resource availability (light, water, and nutrients) to individual plants, played a major role in differentiating plant size in the model. Given its unique model structure and simulation accuracy, SPGROW has the potential to provide very detailed insight into the mechanisms of plant–plant interactions.

Individual Level Knowledge Transfer in Virtual Settings

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeying Wan ◽  
Nicole Haggerty ◽  
Yinglei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
The Individual

Since the emergence of the knowledge-based view of the firm in the mid-1990, researchers have made considerable effort to untangle the complexity of how individuals create, capture and realize value from knowledge. To date, this burgeoning field has offered rich and yet diverse insights involving contextual, process and outcome factors that influence individual level knowledge transfer. Concomitantly globalization and advancing technologies have extended virtual work arrangements such as virtual teams and virtual communities on the internet and considerably extended the knowledge base upon which individuals can draw when creating, acquiring, sharing and integrating knowledge. Research on individual level knowledge transfer has also embraced these virtual environments spawning new insights. Hence the objective of this paper is to assess current state of research and identify potential avenues for future research at the intersection of these two dimensions. The authors focus specifically on knowledge transfer research at the individual level instead of the team or firm level and within virtual settings. Applying a process view of knowledge transfer, they synthesize existing findings and discuss issues surrounding the inputs, processes, and outputs. The synthesis reveals both strengths and gaps in the literature. Accordingly, the authors offer directions for future research that may address the gaps and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of individual level knowledge transfer in virtual settings.

scholarly journals Utility of the COM-B model in identifying facilitators and barriers to maintaining a healthy postnatal lifestyle following a diagnosis of gestational diabetes: a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e037318
Author(s):  
Jennifer Boyd ◽  
Brian McMillan ◽  
Katherine Easton ◽  
Brigitte Delaney ◽  
Caroline Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Socioecological Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Postnatal Women ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Work

ObjectivesPrevious qualitative research investigating the experiences of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GD) has provided important insights into the development of behaviour change interventions. However, these studies often lack a theoretical underpinning. This study explored the use of the capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour (COM-B) framework (which proposes that individuals need the capability, opportunity and motivation to perform a particular behaviour) to code and the socioecological model to contextualise participant responses to better inform intervention development.DesignQualitative semistructured interviews are using purposive sampling. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded using the COM-B framework. A socioecological approach was adopted to understand the context of intervention facets.SettingInterviews were conducted in a secondary care setting in South Yorkshire.ParticipantsTwenty-seven postnatal women with a previous diagnosis of GD were interviewed.ResultsApplying the COM-B framework to code participant, responses identified 16 key subthemes which reflected either: capability, opportunity or motivation components of the model. Four domains adapted from the socioecological model: individual, family life, community and healthcare provision; contextualised factors are important for these women in terms of behaviour change. Emotional response at the individual level was highly motivating or demotivating. Factors related to family life and community were particularly dominant and had the potential to either facilitate or impede change. We found many participants relied on healthcare provision during the prenatal and postnatal periods with timing and positive relationships being key to good care.ConclusionsOur study provides further insight into the factors crucial for behaviour change in women diagnosed with GD. By innovatively applying the COM-B framework in a socioecological context, it is clear intervention facets need to target microlevel through the macrolevel to engage this population in behaviour change. Future work should consider family-level intervention as this could allow for sustained behaviour change and consequently prevent the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Pay for Performance Programs in Romanian Companies and the Mediating Role of Organizational Justice

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Sebastian Uriesi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Performance Pay ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The present research examined the influences of pay for performance programs on employee performance in the Romanian context, by comparing a sample of employees in companies in which such programs are implemented to a sample of employees in organizations in which performance is not used as a criterion in deciding financial rewards. Results show that the work performances of the former, as evaluated by the direct supervisors of each employee, are significantly higher than those of the latter, and that this effect of performance pay is partly mediated by its positive effects on employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice. Furthermore, results indicate that the individual – level financial incentive systems are more efficient in fostering work performance than the team – level performance pay programs in the Romanian employee sample, and that they also have stronger effects on the two dimensions of organizational justice.

scholarly journals The Tennessee Medicaid medication therapy management program: early stage contextual factors and implementation outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Hohmeier ◽  
Chelsea Renfro ◽  
Kea Turner ◽  
Parin Patel ◽  
Estrella Ndrianasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Medication Therapy Management ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Pilot Program ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Implementation Outcomes

Abstract Background First investigated in the 1990s, medication therapy management (MTM) is an evidence-based practice offered by pharmacists to ensure a patient’s medication regimen is individualized to include the safest and most effective medications. MTM has been shown to a) improve quality of patient care, b) reduces health care costs, and c) lead to fewer medication-related adverse effects. However, there has been limited testing of evidence-based, a-priori implementation strategies that support MTM implementation on a large scale. Methods The study has two objectives assessed at the organizational and individual level: 1) to determine the adoption, feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support the MTM pilot program in Tennessee; and 2) to report on the contextual factors associated with program implementation based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The overall design of the study was a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation study reporting outcomes of Tennessee state Medicaid’s (TennCare) MTM Pilot program. This paper presents early stage implementation outcomes (e.g., adoption, feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness) and explores implementation barriers and facilitators using the CFIR. The study was assessed at the (a) organizational and (b) individual level. A mixed-methods approach was used including surveys, claims data, and semi-structured interviews. Interview data underwent initial, rapid qualitative analysis to provide real time feedback to TennCare leadership on project barriers and facilitators. Results The total reach of the program from July 2018 through June 2020 was 2033 MTM sessions provided by 17 Medicaid credentialed pharmacists. Preliminary findings suggest participants agreed that MTM was acceptable (μ = 16.22, SD = 0.28), appropriate (μ = 15.33, SD = 0.03), and feasible (μ = 14.72, SD = 0.46). Each of the scales had an excellent level of internal (> 0.70) consistency (feasibility, α = 0.91; acceptability, α = 0.96; appropriateness, α = 0.98;). Eight program participants were interviewed and were mapped to the following CFIR constructs: Process, Characteristics of Individuals, Intervention Characteristics, and Inner Setting. Rapid data analysis of the contextual inquiry allowed TennCare to alter initial implementation strategies during project rollout. Conclusion The early stage implementation of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support delivery of Tennessee Medicaid’s MTM program was found to be well accepted and appropriate across multiple stakeholders including providers, administrators, and pharmacists. However, as the early stage of implementation progressed, barriers related to relative priority, characteristics of the intervention (e.g., complexity), and workflow impeded adoption. Programmatic changes to the MTM Pilot based on early stage contextual analysis and implementation outcomes had a positive impact on adoption.

scholarly journals The clinical effectiveness of individual behaviour change interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour after a negative human immunodeficiency virus test in men who have sex with men: systematic and realist reviews and intervention development

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Flowers ◽  
Olivia Wu ◽  
Karen Lorimer ◽  
Bipasha Ahmed ◽  
Hannah Hesselgreaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Individual Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Change Interventions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Individual Behaviour Change

AbstractBackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) experience significant inequalities in health and well-being. They are the group in the UK at the highest risk of acquiring a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Guidance relating to both HIV infection prevention, in general, and individual-level behaviour change interventions, in particular, is very limited.ObjectivesTo conduct an evidence synthesis of the clinical effectiveness of behaviour change interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour among MSM after a negative HIV infection test. To identify effective components within interventions in reducing HIV risk-related behaviours and develop a candidate intervention. To host expert events addressing the implementation and optimisation of a candidate intervention.Data sourcesAll major electronic databases (British Education Index, BioMed Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Educational Resource Index and Abstracts, Health and Medical Complete, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed and Social Science Citation Index) were searched between January 2000 and December 2014.Review methodsA systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of individual behaviour change interventions was conducted. Interventions were examined using the behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy, theory coding assessment, mode of delivery and proximity to HIV infection testing. Data were summarised in narrative review and, when appropriate, meta-analysis was carried out. Supplemental analyses for the development of the candidate intervention focused on post hoc realist review method, the assessment of the sequential delivery and content of intervention components, and the social and historical context of primary studies. Expert panels reviewed the candidate intervention for issues of implementation and optimisation.ResultsOverall, trials included in this review (n = 10) demonstrated that individual-level behaviour change interventions are effective in reducing key HIV infection risk-related behaviours. However, there was considerable clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the trials. Exploratory meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in behaviours associated with high risk of HIV transmission (risk ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.91). Additional stratified analyses suggested that effectiveness may be enhanced through face-to-face contact immediately after testing, and that theory-based content and BCTs drawn from ‘goals and planning’ and ‘identity’ groups are important. All evidence collated in the review was synthesised to develop a candidate intervention. Experts highlighted overall acceptability of the intervention and outlined key ways that the candidate intervention could be optimised to enhance UK implementation.LimitationsThere was a limited number of primary studies. All were from outside the UK and were subject to considerable clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity. The findings of the meta-analysis must therefore be treated with caution. The lack of detailed intervention manuals limited the assessment of intervention content, delivery and fidelity.ConclusionsEvidence regarding the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions suggests that they are effective in changing behaviour associated with HIV transmission. Exploratory stratified meta-analyses suggested that interventions should be delivered face to face and immediately after testing. There are uncertainties around the generalisability of these findings to the UK setting. However, UK experts found the intervention acceptable and provided ways of optimising the candidate intervention.Future workThere is a need for well-designed, UK-based trials of individual behaviour change interventions that clearly articulate intervention content and demonstrate intervention fidelity.Study registrationThe study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42014009500.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashleigh Shelby Rosette ◽  
Modupe Akinola ◽  
Anyi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Employee Rights ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Subtle Discrimination ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

Despite the laws that protect employee rights, discrimination still persists in the workplace. This chapter examines individual-level factors that may influence subtle discrimination in the workplace. More specifically, it examines how social categories tend to perpetuate the use of stereotypes and reviews contemporary theories of subtle prejudice and discrimination. In addition, the chapter divides discrimination in the workplace along two dimensions, gateways and pathways, and examines the extent to which stereotypes, prejudice, and social categorization processes influence subtle discrimination at these critical junctures in an individual’s career. Finally, it considers the extent to which individual differences may influence a person’s propensity toward prejudice and discrimination.

Implementation of Healthy Eating Interventions in Center-Based Childcare: The Selection, Application, and Reporting of Theories, Models, and Frameworks

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-417
Author(s):  
Marjorie Rafaela Lima do Vale ◽  
Anna Farmer ◽  
Geoff D. C. Ball ◽  
Rebecca Gokiert ◽  
Katerina Maximova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Process Guidance ◽  
Implementation Studies ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Study Designs

Purpose: To explore the selection, use, and reporting of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) in implementation studies that promoted healthy eating in center-based childcare. Data Source: We searched 11 databases for articles published between January 1990 and October 2018. We also conducted a hand search of studies and consulted subject matter experts. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: We included studies in center-based settings for preschoolers that addressed the development, delivery, or evaluation of interventions or implementation strategies related to healthy eating and related subjects and that explicitly used TMF. Exclusion criteria include not peer reviewed or abstracts and not in English, French, German, and Korean. Data Extraction: The first author extracted the data using extraction forms. A second reviewer verified data extraction. Data Synthesis: Direct content analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: We identified 8222 references. We retained 38 studies. Study designs included quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trials, surveys, case studies, and others. The criteria used most often for selecting TMFs were description of a change process (n = 12; 23%) or process guidance (n = 8; 15%). Theories, models, and frameworks used targeted different socioecological levels and purposes. The application of TMF constructs (e.g., factors, steps, outcomes) was reported 69% (n = 34) of times. Conclusion: Reliance on TMFs focused on individual-level, poor TMF selection, and application and reporting for the development of implementation strategies could limit TMF utility.

How does leader conscientiousness influence frontline staff under conditions of serious anxiety? An empirical study from integrated resorts (IRs)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Xue ◽  
Ziying Mo ◽  
Matthew Tingchi Liu ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Team Leaders ◽  
Frontline Staff ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Service Departments ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe objective of this study was to improve understanding of frontline staff's subjective happiness and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic by investigating the roles of employees' busy mindset and leader conscientiousness.Design/methodology/approachThe link between employee anxiety and subjective happiness was also explored, and the cross-level mediating effect of employee anxiety was tested using a multilevel design. A survey of 373 frontline staffers and 74 team leaders in the integrated resorts (IRs) was conducted in three waves: April (Time 1), May (Time 2) and June (Time 3) in 2020. The data were analysed with SPSS and Mplus using a hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) method.FindingsThe results indicated that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a busy mindset increased frontline staff's anxiety and thus decreased their subjective happiness, and leader conscientiousness remedied the effect of anxiety on subjective happiness.Practical implicationsThe findings are relevant to frontline staffers, team leaders in the hospitality industry and corporate service departments. Against the background of COVID-19, conscientious leaders can significantly help employees to overcome their anxiety and insecurity and improve their subjective happiness, answering the urgent call to deal with the challenges of the new work–life environment.Originality/valueThe study differs from previous other studies in two dimensions: First, the authors explored the interactions of the affective events from the cross-level perspectives, i.e. both team level and individual level. Second, the authors conducted this research on the mental issues of the hospitality frontline staffers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which remains a black box to be explored.

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