scholarly journals Treating Bacterial Infections With a Protein From a Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Oliveira ◽  
Joana Azeredo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Diseases

Harmful bacteria are microscopic organisms that can sometimes make you very sick. Usually, when harmful bacteria enter our bodies, they are rapidly detected by the immune system, which kills these invaders. However, some bacteria can trick the immune system by coating themselves with substances that make them invisible to the immune system. These disguises are called capsules. However, there are some proteins called capsular depolymerases that can remove the capsules from these harmful bacteria, exposing the bacteria to the immune system, which can then kill them. Therefore, capsular depolymerases can help the immune system to kill harmful bacteria. In this article, we explain where capsular depolymerases are found in nature, how they are different from antibiotics, and how they could be used to treat bacterial diseases.

scholarly journals Assessment of the microbiome during bacteriophage therapy in combination with systemic antibiotics to treat a case of staphylococcal device infection

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Mu ◽  
Daniel McDonald ◽  
Alan K. Jarmusch ◽  
Cameron Martino ◽  
Caitriona Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Device Infection ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Serious Bacterial Infections ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

Abstract Background Infectious bacterial diseases exhibiting increasing resistance to antibiotics are a serious global health issue. Bacteriophage therapy is an anti-microbial alternative to treat patients with serious bacterial infections. However, the impacts to the host microbiome in response to clinical use of phage therapy are not well understood. Results Our paper demonstrates a largely unchanged microbiota profile during 4 weeks of phage therapy when added to systemic antibiotics in a single patient with Staphylococcus aureus device infection. Metabolomic analyses suggest potential indirect cascading ecological impacts to the host (skin) microbiome. We did not detect genomes of the three phages used to treat the patient in metagenomic samples taken from saliva, stool, and skin; however, phages were detected using endpoint-PCR in patient serum. Conclusion Results from our proof-of-principal study supports the use of bacteriophages as a microbiome-sparing approach to treat bacterial infections.

The interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and its role in infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Ancona ◽  
Laura Alagna ◽  
Andrea Lombardi ◽  
Emanuele Palomba ◽  
Valeria Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Liver Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute liver failure. LT success can be hampered by several short-term and long-term complications. Among them, bacterial infections, especially due to multidrug-resistant germs, are particularly frequent with a prevalence between 19 and 33% in the first 100 days after transplantation. In the last decades, a number of studies have highlighted how gut microbiota (GM) is involved in several essential functions to ensure the intestinal homeostasis, becoming one of the most important virtual metabolic organs. GM works through different axes with other organs, and the gut-liver axis is among the most relevant and investigated ones. Any alteration or disruption of GM is defined as dysbiosis. Peculiar phenotypes of GM dysbiosis have been associated to several liver conditions and complications, such as chronic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, there is growing evidence of the crucial role of GM in shaping the immune response, both locally and systemically, against pathogens. This paves the way to the manipulation of GM as a therapeutic instrument to modulate the infectious risk and outcome. In this minireview we provide an overview of the current understanding on the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and the role of the former in infections.

scholarly journals ЧУТЛИВІСТЬ ЗБУДНИКІВ БАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ХВОРОБ ПТИЦІ ДО АНТИБАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(71)) ◽  
pp. 182-185
Author(s):  
A.A. Fotina ◽  
Zh.E. Klischova
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Pathological Material

The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs without control may leads to the development of numerous complications and resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs should are controlled on poultry farms. That is why the monitoring and determination of sensitivity of bacterial diseases agents to antimicrobial drugs are very important. Results of salmonellas’ and kolibakterias’ monitoring in poultry’s farms of Ukraine are introduced in the article. Researches were conducted at the Department of veterinary sanitary examination, microbiology, zoohygiene and safety and quality of livestock products of Sumy NAU. Sampling for microbiological studies was conducted from the hatchery and from pathological material and premises where poultry of different age groups was held. The spread of the disease, morbidity, mortality, mortality rate, age characteristics, economic loss what diseases cause to the poultry farms were counted. Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia was conducted by ELISA with using of RIDASCREEN® and LOCATE® test systems, according to methodical recommendations of RIDASCREEN® and LOCATE® test systems using. The results were read visually or after addition of storageco with ELISA–photometer (reader) at 450 nm. Sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by disco – diffusion method in agar. Microbiological monitoring of a number of poultry farms in Ukraine has shown that agents of bacterial diseases’ are widely spread. Between the isolated microflora largest number were accounted for Salmonella (54.1%) and the Escherichia (30.8 per cent). The rest (15,1%) were isolated cultures of Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Campylobacteria, Enterobacteria, and Clostridia Citrobacter. This indicates that systematic control over the availability of the causative agents of bacterial infections in all critical points of production of poultry products is very necessary. Among isolates that were isolated from ill poultry and poultry objects, differences in their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents from active substances that officially have registered in our country were discovered. Bactericidal activity of relatively isolated cultures was showed by colistin, ftorfenicol, zeftiocur, TimTil 250, doxicyclin, enroxil and sarafloxacin.  

scholarly journals Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽  
Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽  
Tanja Becker ◽  
Husni Elbahesh ◽  
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

Suppressing the CRISPR/Cas adaptive immune system in bacterial infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2043-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gholizadeh ◽  
M. Aghazadeh ◽  
M. Asgharzadeh ◽  
H. S. Kafil
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Anti-Bacterial Effect of CpG-DNA Involves Enhancement of the Complement Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim ◽  
Park ◽  
Kim ◽  
Gautam ◽  
Akauliya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cpg Dna ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Effect

CpG-DNA activates the host immune system to resist bacterial infections. In this study, we examined the protective effect of CpG-DNA in mice against Escherichia coli (E. coli) K1 infection. Administration of CpG-DNA increased the survival of mice after E. coli K1 infection, which reduces the numbers of bacteria in the organs. Pre-injection of mice with CpG-DNA before E. coli K1 infection increased the levels of the complement C3 but not C3a and C3b. The survival of the mice after E. coli K1 infection was significantly decreased when the mice were pre-injected with the cobra venom factor (CVF) removing the complement compared to the non-CVF-treated mice group. It suggests that the complement has protective roles against E. coli K1 infection. In addition, the survival of complement-depleted mice was increased by CpG-DNA pre-administration before E. coli K1 infection. Therefore, we suggest that CpG-DNA enhances the anti-bacterial activity of the immune system by augmenting the levels of complement systems after E. coli K1 infection and triggering other factors as well. Further studies are required to investigate the functional roles of the CpG-DNA-induced complement regulation and other factors against urgent bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Prevalence, Virulence Genes, and Antibiogram of Motile Aeromonads Isolated from Nile Tilapia Fish Farms in Egypt and Assessment of their Water Quality

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1432
Author(s):  
Fatma A. El-Gohary ◽  
Eman Zahran ◽  
Eman A. Abd El-Gawad ◽  
Adel H. El-Gohary ◽  
Fatma M. Abdelhamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Mar Index

The aquaculture industry is a fast-growing sector in Egypt; however, the progress of this industry is impeded by many challenges such as poor water quality and associated bacterial infections. Among others, Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), caused by aeromonads, is among the most important bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture due to its zoonotic potential. In the present work, motile aeromonads were isolated from water samples (n= 8) and Nile tilapia (n= 240) in four fish farms (farms I, II, III, and IV) in Kafr El-Sheikh province during the period March to August 2017. This step was followed by investigation of the prevalence and phenotypic, molecular, and histopathological characterization of aeromonads. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene detection were analyzed. Interestingly, physicochemical water analysis revealed different ranges in relation to the fish farms and seasons. More importantly, Aeromonas isolates were phenotypically identified in 33.3% and 12.5% from fish and water samples, respectively. The highest prevalence of motile aeromonads (46.7%) was recorded from farm IV, and only 12.5% of water samples were positive for them. Out of 80 isolates, 65 (81.25%) were molecularly identified at the genus level using gyrase B (gyrB). The prevalence of the virulence genes detected in the isolated motile aeromonads was aerolysin (aer), 52.2%; elastase (ahp), 26.25%; hemolysin (hyl), 35%; and lipase (lip), 3.75%. The antibiogram profile revealed that the highest resistance of aeromonads isolates (80%) was recorded to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and azithromycin. Meanwhile, lower resistance levels of 40%, 30%, and 20% were found for streptomycin, cefotaxime, and amoxicillin, respectively. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged between 0.27 and 0.82 of motile aeromonads isolates. Furthermore, the histopathological examinations of naturally diseased tilapia revealed widespread hepatocellular necrosis with diffuse, numerous rod-shaped bacteria in liver with melanomacrophages and lymphocytic depletion with edema and hemosiderosis in the spleen. Our findings provide an updated epidemiological baseline for future reference and highlight the likely role of the adverse impact of water quality in the outbreaks of motile aeromonads with special reference to virulence genes and antibiotic resistant traits.

scholarly journals Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases of pig

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Pluske ◽  
David W Pethick ◽  
Deborah E Hopwood ◽  
David J Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Brachyspira Pilosicoli ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Underlying Basis

AbstractThere are several enteric bacterial diseases and conditions of pigs that require control to prevent overt disease, to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to improve the efficiency of production. Traditionally, veterinarians, feed manufacturers and producers have relied upon antibiotics and minerals (for example, ZnO, CuSO4) in diets for a large part of this control. However, recent trends, particularly in Europe, are to reduce antimicrobial use and seek alternative or replacement strategies for controlling enteric bacterial diseases. The majority of these strategies rely on ‘nutrition’, taken in its broadest sense, to reduce the susceptibility of pigs to these diseases. Evidence to date suggests that specific dietary interventions, for example feeding very highly-digestible diets based on cooked white rice, can reduce the proliferation of a number of specific enteric bacterial infections, such as post-weaning colibacillosis. No simple and universal way to reduce susceptibility to pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract has been identified, and the underlying basis for many of the reported positive effects of ‘nutrition’ on controlling enteric infections lacks robust, scientific understanding. This makes it difficult to recommend dietary guidelines to prevent or reduce enteric bacterial diseases. Furthermore, some diseases, such as porcine intestinal spirochaetosis caused byBrachyspira pilosicoli, are sometimes associated with other pathogens (co-infections). In such cases, each pathogen might have different nutrient requirements, ecological niches and patterns of metabolism for which a variety of dietary interventions are needed to ameliorate the disease. Greater understanding of how ‘nutrition’ influences gut epithelial biology and immunobiology, and their interactions with both commensal and pathogenic bacteria, holds promise as a means of tackling enteric disease without antimicrobial agents. In addition, it is important to consider the overall system (i.e. management, housing, welfare) of pig production in the context of controlling enteric bacterial diseases.

Persistent bacterial infections: the interface of the pathogen and the host immune system

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 747-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise M. Monack ◽  
Anne Mueller ◽  
Stanley Falkow
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Host Immune System

scholarly journals Intracellular and Extracellular Roles of Granzyme K

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke C. Bouwman ◽  
Kim R. van Daalen ◽  
Sandra Crnko ◽  
Toine ten Broeke ◽  
Niels Bovenschen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells

Granzymes are a family of serine proteases stored in granules inside cytotoxic cells of the immune system. Granzyme K (GrK) has been only limitedly characterized and knowledge on its molecular functions is emerging. Traditionally GrK is described as a granule-secreted, pro-apoptotic serine protease. However, accumulating evidence is redefining the functions of GrK by the discovery of novel intracellular (e.g. cytotoxicity, inhibition of viral replication) and extracellular roles (e.g. endothelial activation and modulation of a pro-inflammatory immune cytokine response). Moreover, elevated GrK levels are associated with disease, including viral and bacterial infections, airway inflammation and thermal injury. This review aims to summarize and discuss the current knowledge of i) intracellular and extracellular GrK activity, ii) cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic GrK functioning, iii) the role of GrK in disease, and iv) GrK as a potential therapeutic target.

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