scholarly journals Effects of Physical Exercise Interventions on Spatial Orientation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Morawietz ◽  
Thomas Muehlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Exercise Interventions

Background: Regular physical exercise plays an integral part in the psychomotor and psychosocial development of children and adolescents, with complex motor and cognitive processes closely linked. Spatial abilities, one aspect of cognitive functioning start to evolve from earliest childhood and reach adult-like levels by early adolescence. As they have been associated with good spatial orientation, wayfinding, map-reading skills, problem solving or analyzing spatial information, these skills facilitate independence and autonomy while growing up. Despite promising results, only few studies investigate this relation between physical exercise and spatial abilities. To use this benefit and develop purposive physical exercise interventions, it is essential to summarize the current evidence.Objectives: This literature review aims to systematically summarize findings regarding the impact of physical exercise interventions on spatial abilities in healthy children and adolescents and identify knowledge gaps.Methods: A systematic search of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo from their inception date till March 2021. Additionally, Google Scholar and refence lists of relevant publications were searched. A descriptive analysis of results was conducted.Results: The literature search identified a total of N = 1,215 records, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this review. A total of 621 participants aged 4 to 15 years participated in the studies. Exercise interventions included sport-specific activities, motor-coordinative exercises, high-intensity functional training or spatial orientation/navigation training. Five studies evaluated training effects on mental rotation performance (i.e., Mental Rotation Test), four studies investigated visuo-spatial working memory function/spatial memory (i.e., Corsi Block Test, Virtual Reality Morris Water Maze) and two studies tested spatial orientation capacity (i.e., Orientation-Running Test). Overall, results show a potential for improvement of spatial abilities through physical exercise interventions. However, keeping the diversity of study designs, populations and outcomes in mind, findings need to be interpreted with care.Conclusions: Despite growing interest on the effects of physical exercise interventions on spatial abilities and promising findings of available studies, evidence to date remains limited. Future research is needed to establish how spatial ability development of healthy children and adolescents can be positively supported.

scholarly journals Physical Exercise vs. Metformin to Improve Delivery- and Newborn-Related Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Overweight: A Network Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pascual-Morena ◽  
Iván Cavero-Redondo ◽  
Celia Álvarez-Bueno ◽  
José Alberto Martínez-Hortelano ◽  
Sara Reina-Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Combined Exercise ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Overweight/obesity is associated with the risk of delivery- and newborn-related complications in pregnancy. Interventions such as exercise or metformin could reduce the risk of these complications.Objective: To estimate and compare the effects of different types of exercise interventions (i.e., aerobic, resistance, combined exercise) and metformin on delivery- and newborn-related outcomes among pregnant women with overweight/obesity.Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library databases and the gray literature were searched from inception to September 2021. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CDR: 42019121715). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of metformin or an exercise intervention aimed at preventing cesarean section, preterm birth, macrosomia, or birth weight among pregnant women with overweight/obesity were included. Random effects meta-analyses and frequentist network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted for each outcome.Results: Fifteen RCTs were included. In the NMA, metformin reduced the risk of cesarean section (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.95), combined exercise reduced the risk of macrosomia (RR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.95), and aerobic exercise reduced birth weight (mean difference = −96.66 g, 95% CI: −192.45, −0.88). In the subgroup among pregnant women with obesity, metformin reduced the risk of cesarean section (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.97).Conclusions: Combined exercise could reduce the risk of macrosomia in pregnant women with overweight, whereas metformin could reduce the risk of cesarean section in pregnant women with obesity. However, previous evidence suggests a larger effect of physical exercise in other outcomes for this population group. Therefore, the medicalization of healthy pregnant women with obesity is not justified by the current evidence.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42019121715; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019121715

scholarly journals Perioperative physical exercise interventions for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery: What is the evidence?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211667385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Mainini ◽  
Patrícia FS Rebelo ◽  
Roberta Bardelli ◽  
Besa Kopliku ◽  
Sara Tenconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lung Resection ◽  
Lung Cancer Surgery ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Training Programmes

Surgical resection appears to be the most effective treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Recent studies suggest that perioperative pulmonary rehabilitation improves functional capacity, reduces mortality and postoperative complications and enhances recovery and quality of life in operated patients. Our aim is to analyse and identify the most recent evidence-based physical exercise interventions, performed before or after surgery. We searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO. We included randomised controlled trials aimed at assessing efficacy of exercise-training programmes; physical therapy interventions had to be described in detail in order to be reproducible. Characteristics of studies and programmes, results and outcome data were extracted. Six studies were included, one describing preoperative rehabilitation and three assessing postoperative intervention. It seems that the best preoperative physical therapy training should include aerobic and strength training with a duration of 2–4 weeks. Although results showed improvement in exercise performance after preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation, it was not possible to identify the best preoperative intervention due to paucity of clinical trials in this area. Physical training programmes differed in every postoperative study with conflicting results, so comparison is difficult. Current literature shows inconsistent results regarding preoperative or postoperative physical exercise in patients undergoing lung resection. Even though few randomised trials were retrieved, treatment protocols were difficult to compare due to variability in design and implementation. Further studies with larger samples and better methodological quality are urgently needed to assess efficacy of both preoperative and postoperative exercise programmes.

Physical exercise increases peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factors in patients with cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hong Huang ◽  
Wenyang Li ◽  
Zheng Qin ◽  
Hui Shen ◽  
Xiaomeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Physical Exercises

Background: Physical exercise can improve cognitive dysfunction. Its specific mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies have indicated that elevating or peripherally overexpressing brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) improve cognitive impairment. Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether physical exercise improves cognitive performance in patients with cognitive dysfunction, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), by increasing peripheral BDNF. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to June 2020 for studies that assayed the changes in peripheral BDNF levels in MCI and AD patients after exercise training. Results: Peripheral BDNF levels were significantly elevated after a single exercise session (SMD = 0.469, 95% CI: 0.150–0.787, P = 0.004) or regular exercise interventions (SMD = 0.418, 95% CI: 0.105–0.731, P = 0.009). Subgroup analysis showed that only regular aerobic exercise interventions (SMD = 0.543, 95% CI: 0.038–1.049, P = 0.035) and intervention duration of 16 weeks or greater (SMD = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.154 –0.733, P = 0.003) significantly increased peripheral BDNF levels. Only plasma BDNF levels (SMD = 0.365, 95% CI:0.066–0.664, P = 0.017) were significantly increased after exercise interventions. Conclusions: Acute and chronic physical exercises may improve cognitive impairment by increasing peripheral BDNF levels. Aerobic exercises and a longer duration of exercising increased BDNF levels. These findings also suggest that BDNF may be a suitable biomarker for evaluating the effect of exercise in patients with cognitive impairment, such as AD or MCI.

scholarly journals Physical Exercise Improves Heart-Rate Variability in Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2946
Author(s):  
Santos Villafaina ◽  
Juan Pedro Fuentes-García ◽  
Juan Luis Leon-Llamas ◽  
Daniel Collado-Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Exercise Interventions

Background: Childhood obesity has negative impact on heart-rate variability (HRV) and, thereby, on the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents. Thus, physical-exercise interventions were proposed to increase HRV. The present systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date analysis of research on the effect of physical-exercise interventions on HRV in obese children and adolescents. Methods: An electronic search of the literature was performed, and 10 articles were included. PRISMA guideline methodology was employed. Results: Physical-exercise interventions predominantly involved aerobic training; however, alternative training programs, including judo or recreational soccer, were found. The duration of intervention ranged from 6 to 24 weeks, with a training frequency of between 2 and 7 times per week. The duration of sessions typically ranged from 40 to 60 min. Conclusions: Results of the included articles indicated that physical-exercise intervention increased the HRV and thereby the autonomic modulation of obese children and adolescents. This is significant, as HRV is associated with cardiovascular health. Such physical-exercise interventions are crucial to reduce weight and improve cardiovascular health in children and adolescents, thereby achieving a sustainable future.

scholarly journals Effect of nutritional and physical exercise intervention on hospital readmission for patients aged 65 or older: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellisiv Lærum-Onsager ◽  
Marianne Molin ◽  
Cecilie Fromholt Olsen ◽  
Asta Bye ◽  
Jonas Debesay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nutrition Support ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Unplanned Readmission ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

Abstract Background Unplanned readmission may result in consequences for both the individual and society. The transition of patients from hospital to postdischarge settings often represents a discontinuity of care and is considered crucial in the prevention of avoidable readmissions. In older patients, physical decline and malnutrition are considered risk factors for readmission. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of nutritional and physical exercise interventions alone or in combination after hospital admission on the risk of hospital readmission among older people. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies was conducted. The search involved seven databases (Medline, AMED, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase (Ovid), Food Science Source and Web of Science) and was conducted in November 2018. An update of this search was performed in March 2020. Studies involving older adults (65 years and above) investigating the effect of nutritional and/or physical exercise interventions on hospital readmission were included. Results A total of 11 randomized controlled studies (five nutritional, five physical exercise and one combined intervention) were included and assessed for quality using the updated Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Nutritional interventions resulted in a significant reduction in readmissions (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.70–1.00, p = 0.049), while physical exercise interventions did not reduce readmissions (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.84–1.31, p-value = 0.662). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that nutrition support aiming to optimize energy intake according to patients’ needs may reduce the risk of being readmitted to the hospital for people aged 65 years or older.

Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Xue ◽  
Yanxiang Yang ◽  
Tao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Session Length ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Exercise Interventions

ObjectiveTo synthesise randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effects of chronic exercise interventions on different domain-specific executive functions (EFs) among children and adolescents.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesPsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, Embase and Web of Science were searched.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRCTs or cluster RCT design, which employ chronic exercise interventions and target healthy children (age 6–12 years) and adolescents (age 13–17 years). We defined chronic exercise as physical activity (PA) which consists of multiple exercise sessions per week and lasts for an extended period of time (typically over 6 weeks).ResultsWe included 19 studies, with a total of 5038 participants. The results showed that chronic exercise interventions improved overall EFs (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.20, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.30, p<0.05) and inhibitory control (SMD=0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45, P<0.05). In meta regression, higher body mass index was associated with greater improvements in overall EFs performance (β=0.03, 95% CI 0.0002 to 0.06, p<0.05), whereas age and exercise duration were not. In subgroup analysis by intervention modality, sports and PA programme (SMD=0.21, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.31, p<0.05) and curricular PA (SMD=0.39, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.69, p<0.05) improved overall EFs performance, but integrated PA did not (SMD=0.02, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.09, p>0.05). Interventions with a session length < 90 minutes improved overall EFs performance (SMD=0.24, 95%CI 0.10 to 0.39, p=0.02), but session length ≥ 90 minutes did not (SMD=0.05, 95%CI -0.03 to 0.14). No other moderator was found to have an effect.ConclusionsDespite small effect sizes, chronic exercise interventions, implemented in curricular or sports and PA programme settings, might be a promising way to promote multiple aspects of executive functions, especially inhibitory control.

scholarly journals Immunologic Response, Efficacy, and Safety of Vaccines Against COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents Aged 2 - 21 Years Old: A Systematic Review

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sadeghi ◽  
yasamin kalantari ◽  
Sima Shokri ◽  
Morteza Fallahpour ◽  
Nahid Nafissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
English Language ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Efficacy And Safety

Backgrounds: Children and adolescnets form a large proportion of societies and play an important role in the transmission of Covid-19. On the other hand, their education, mental and physical wellness, and safety are compromised which makes vaccination a crucial step to return to normal life. Aim and Objectives: To collect and summarize all data about the immune response, effectiveness, and safety of available Covid-19 vaccines for people aged 2 - 21 years old. Methods: A thorough systematic review was performed on available publications in English language regarding immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of Covid-19 vaccines in individuals aged 2 - 21 years old. Types of selected studies were clinical trials, observational studies, and cohort. Searched databases comprised Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov website. Data extraction and analysis were performed in Microsoft Word software, version 16.56. Results: the Covid-19 vaccination was evaluated in a total of 50,148 children and adolescents in 22 published studies and 5,279 participants in two ongoing clinical trials. Data was collected about multiple vaccines including BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), JNJ-78436735 (Johnson and Johnson), CoronaVac (Sinovac), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), adenovirus type-5-vectored vaccine, ZyCov-D, and BBV152 (Covaxin). The immune response and efficacy of such vaccines were 96% - 100% in healthy children and adolescents and were also acceptable in those with underlying disease and suppressed immune system. The current systematic review revealed favourable safety profiles of employed vaccines in children and adolescents; however, adverse reactions such as myocarditis and myopericarditis were reported which were transient and resolved entirely. Conclusion: Vaccinating children and adolescents aged 2 - 21 years old is beneficial to abort the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the risk-benefit assessments revealed favourable results for vaccinating children and adolescents, especially those with underlying disease, alongside adults to prevent transmission, severe infection, negative outcomes, and new variants formation. Keywords: Covid-19; Vaccination; Immunization; Children; Adolescents; Systematic Review

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