scholarly journals The Dynamics of the Anaerobic Energy Contribution During a Simulated Mass-Start Competition While Roller-Ski Skating on a Treadmill

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionne A. Noordhof ◽  
Marius Lyng Danielsson ◽  
Knut Skovereng ◽  
Jørgen Danielsen ◽  
Trine M. Seeberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
And Performance

The purposes of this study were: 1) to investigate the anaerobic energy contribution during a simulated cross-country (XC) skiing mass-start competition while roller-ski skating on a treadmill; 2) to investigate the relationship between the recovery of the anaerobic energy reserves and performance; and 3) to compare the gross efficiency (GE) method and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) to determine the anaerobic contribution. Twelve male XC skiers performed two testing days while roller skiing on a treadmill. To collect submaximal data necessary for the GE and MAOD method, participants performed a resting metabolism measurement, followed by low-intensity warm up, 12 submaximal 4-min bouts, performed using three different skating sub-techniques (G2 on a 12% incline, G3 on 5% and G4 on 2%) on three submaximal intensities on day 1. On day 2, participants performed a 21-min simulated mass-start competition on varying terrain to determine the anaerobic energy contribution. The speed was fixed, but when participants were unable to keep up, a 30-s rest bout was included. Performance was established by the time to exhaustion (TTE) during a sprint at the end of the 21-min protocol. Skiers were ranked based on the number of rest bouts needed to finish the protocol and TTE. The highest GE of day 1 for each of the different inclines/sub-techniques was used to calculate the aerobic and anaerobic contribution during the simulated mass start using the GE method and two different MAOD approaches. About 85–90% of the required energy during the simulated mass-start competition (excluding downhill segments) came from the aerobic energy system and ~10–15% from the anaerobic energy systems. Moderate to large Spearman correlation coefficients were found between recovery of anaerobic energy reserves and performance rank (rs = 0.58–0.71, p < 0.025). No significant difference in anaerobic work was found between methods/approaches (F(1.2,8.5) = 3.2, p = 0.10), while clear individual differences existed. In conclusion, about 10–15% of the required energy during the periods of active propulsion of a 21-min simulated mass-start competition came from the anaerobic energy systems. Due to the intermittent nature of XC skiing, the recovery of anaerobic energy reserves seems highly important for performance. To assess the anaerobic contribution methods should not be used interchangeably.

scholarly journals Comparison of Energy Contributions and Workloads in Male and Female Badminton Players During Games Versus Repetitive Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Fu ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xiaoping Chen ◽  
Yongming Li ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Daily Training

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the energy contributions and workloads in men and women during badminton matches versus frequently used multi-ball smash practices.MethodsFourteen badminton players performed one badminton singles game and one session of smashing practice on separate days. The energy contributions were examined in terms of each individual’s three energy systems and substrate oxidation, while workloads included heart rate (HR), Player Load (PL), accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps.Results(1) During games, male players exhibited higher adenosine triphosphate–phosphocreatine system contribution (EPCr, kJ) (p = 0.008) and average rate of carbohydrate oxidation (RCHO, g/min) (p = 0.044) than female players, while female players showed greater absolute PL (p = 0.029) and more accelerations (p = 0.005) than male players. Furthermore, players who lost performed higher relative PL (p = 0.017) than those who won. (2) Higher energy system contributions, including EPCr (kJ) (p = 0.028), EHLa (kJ) (p = 0.024), EAer (kJ) (p = 0.012), ETot (kJ) (p = 0.007), and RCHO (g/min) (p = 0.0002), were seen in male players during repetitive spike practices. Male players also made greater number of jumps (p = 0.0002). (3) Players exhibited higher aerobic energy contribution (p < 0.001), mean HR (p = 0.002), and HRmax (p = 0.029) during games, while exhibiting greater anaerobic energy contribution (p < 0.001) and relative PL (p = 0.001) during repetitive practices.ConclusionThe similarities between male and female badminton players in proportional use of the three energy systems during games and repetitive spike training indicate similar relative energy demands for both genders. However, considering the need for higher aerobic capacity in competition, it might be advisable to design appropriate work:rest ratios for repetitive practices in daily training.

Capsaicin Supplementation during High-intensity Continuous Exercise: A Double-blind Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 1061-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila S. Padilha ◽  
Francois Billaut ◽  
Caique Figueiredo ◽  
Valéria Leme Gonçalves Panissa ◽  
Fabrício Eduardo Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractTo investigate the effect of acute capsaicin (CAP) supplementation on time to exhaustion, physiological responses and energy systems contribution during continuous high-intensity exercise session in runners. Fifteen recreationally-trained runners completed two randomized, double-blind continuous high-intensity exercises at the speed eliciting 90% V̇O2peak (90% s V̇O2peak), 45 minutes after consuming capsaicin or an isocaloric placebo. Time to exhaustion, blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption during and 20-min post-exercise, energy systems contribution, time to reach V̇O2peak, heart rate and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. There was no significant difference between conditions for time to reach V̇O2peak (CAP:391.71±221.8 vs. PLA:298.20±174.5 sec, ES:0.58, p=0.872), peak lactate (CAP:7.98±2.11 vs. PLA:8.58±2.15 µmol, ES:−0.28, p=0.257), time to exhaustion (CAP:654.28±195.44 vs. PLA:709.20±208.44 sec, ES:−0.28, p=0.462, end-of-exercise heart rate (CAP:177.6±14.9 vs. PLA:177.5±17.9 bpm, ES:−0.10, p=0.979) and end-of-exercise RPE (CAP: 19±0.8 vs. PLA: 18±2.4, ES: 0.89, p=0.623). In conclusion, acute CAP supplementation did not increase time to exhaustion during high-intensity continuous exercise nor alter physiological responses in runners.

scholarly journals Energy System Contribution during 1500M Running in Untrained and Endurance-Trained Asian Male College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Govindasamy Balasekaran ◽  
Loh Mun Keong ◽  
Viknesh Veeramuthu ◽  
Yong Tze Woon ◽  
Visvasuresh Victor Govindaswamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

OBJECTIVES To compare the aerobic and anaerobic energy system contribution during 1500m running between collegiate untrained (UT) and endurance trained (ET) subjects.METHODS Five Asian UT (age: 23.8 ± 0.4 yrs, body fat %: 15.9 ± 5.7 %, height: 174.0 ± 4.1 cm, weight: 65.5 ± 4.1 kg) and 5 Asian ET male participants (age: 24.4 ± 3.9 yrs, body fat %: 12.9 ± 6.9 %, height: 169.4 ± 5.1 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 8.1 kg) participated in this study. Participants attended 3 sessions to determine their body composition, submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) test, 1500m track running session (RS) and 1500m treadmill RS. The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method was used to calculate energy system contribution.RESULTS The times for the 1500m track run for the UT and ET were 428.0 ± 48.7 and 331.6 ± 14.0 seconds (p=0.004) respectively. There were no significant differences in VO<sub>2</sub> between the 1500m track and treadmill RS indicating the participants ran to their personal best times for both trials. The mean VO<sub>2max</sub>(mL•kg<sup>-1</sup>•min<sup>-1</sup>) were significantly different between UT (45.1 ± 5.0) and ET participants (58.3 ± 2.2) (p=0.002). The mean relative contributions of the aerobic and anaerobic energy system during 1500m running were significantly different for the UT, 65.4 ± 7.0%, 34.6 ± 7.0 and ET, 75.7 ± 1.5%, 24.3 ± 1.5 % (p =0.011).CONCLUSIONS The point of equal contribution of the aerobic and the anaerobic systems occurred after thirty to forty seconds of intensive exhaustive running after which the aerobic contribution continues to increase while the anaerobic contribution decreases with increasing duration. By the end of 60th second of exhaustive running, the ET mean aerobic contribution is 71.5% compared to the UT’s 58.6%. This finding suggests a greater reliance on the aerobic energy system by the ET.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance and Endurance Trainings on Physiological and Functional Factors and Record of Elite Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Ali Asqar Saberi ◽  
◽  
Merdad Fathi ◽  
Keyvan Hejazi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Functional Factors ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Elite Runners

Objective: The 3000-meter run is one of the most popular events among endurance and semi-endurance track runnings. Due to its special conditions, aerobic and anaerobic energy production systems can be used at the same time. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance and endurance trainings on physiological and functional factors and record of elite runners. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 male elite runners were randomly assigned into the two groups of resistance (n=11) and endurance (n=11) trainings. The resistance and endurance trainings programe was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 55-60 minutes. Physiological and functional factors were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for within-group and between-group comparisons considering the significant level at P<0.05. Results: The training led to significant improvement in heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength, muscle endurance, balance and 3000-meter record in both groups. There was a significant difference between groups in the mentioned factors (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both resistance and endurance trainings may have a positive effect on runners’ records and performance indicators.

Method-Induced Differences of Energy Contributions in Women’s Kayaking

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Yongming Li ◽  
Margot Niessen ◽  
Xiaoping Chen ◽  
Ulrich Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Relative Energy ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Incremental Exercise Test ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Gas Metabolism

Context: Different relative aerobic energy contribution (WAER%) has been reported for the 2 women’s Olympic kayaking disciplines (ie, 200 and 500 m). Purpose: To investigate whether the adopted method of energy calculation influences the value of WAER% during kayaking time trials. Methods: Eleven adolescent female kayakers (age 14 ± 1 y, height 172 ± 4 cm, body mass 65.4 ± 4.2 kg, VO2peak 42.6 ± 4.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, training experience 1.5 ± 0.3 y) volunteered to participate in 1 incremental exercise test and 2 time trials (40 and 120 s) on the kayak ergometer. A portable spirometric system was used to measure gas metabolism. Capillary blood was taken from the ear lobe during and after the tests and analyzed for lactate afterward. The method of modified maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (m-MAOD) and the method based on the fast component of oxygen-uptake off-kinetics (PCr-La-O2) were used to calculate the energy contributions. Results: The anaerobic energy portions from m-MAOD were lower than those from PCr-La-O2 in the 40-s (41.9 ± 8.8 vs 52.8 ± 4.0 kJ, P > .05) and 120-s (64.1 ± 27.9 vs 68.2 ± 10.0 kJ, P > .05) time trials, which induced differences of WAER% between m-MAOD and PCr-La-O2 (36.0% vs 30.0% in 40 s, P > .05; 60.9% vs 57.5% in 120 s, P > .05). Conclusions: The reported different WAER% in women’s Olympic kayaking could be partly attributed to the adopted method of energy calculation (ie, m-MAOD vs PCr-La-O2). A fixed method of energy calculation is recommended during the longitudinal assessment on the relative energy contribution in women’s Olympic kayaking.

scholarly journals Nutrition in team sportsTakım sporlarında beslenme

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günay Eskici
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Food Needs

<p>Adequate and balanced nutrition is critical for success in sports.  Besides questions such as how much food needs to be consumed at what intervals and what kind of nutrients should be available for an adequate and balanced nutrition, it is also important to know what sport branch the individuals are involved in. Sport branches can be categorized into three groups as endurance sports, strength/power sports and team sports. Basic nutrition rules which are significant for sports nutrition among sport branches can, in spite of being comparable, differ to some extent in terms of the significance of utilized energy systems and nutrients. Team sport is a branch which requires intermittent high intensity activity, and where anaerobic energy systems are rather dominant, and dehydration and hydration are important issues. Most team sports involve seasonal competitions, and they are played as weekly league games or tournaments held daily or once in a few days. Players’ observing their nutrition during the busy competition seasons and other times has critical bearing in terms of their recovery and performance.</p><p align="left"><strong>Özet:</strong></p><p>Sporda başarı için yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin önemi büyüktür. Yeterli ve dengeli beslenmek için ne zaman ne kadar besin tüketilmeli ve hangi besin öğelerine yer verilmeli gibi konuların yanı sıra, hangi spor dalı ile uğraşıldığının bilinmesi de önem taşımaktadır. Spor dalları dayanıklılık sporları, kuvvet/güç sporları ve takım sporları olmak üzere üç grup altında toplanabilir. Spor dalları arasında spor beslenmesi için önemli olan temel beslenme kuralları birbirine benzer olmakla birlikte, kullanılan enerji sistemleri ve besin öğelerinin önemi açısından bazı farklılıklar söz konusu olabilmektedir. Takım sporları, spor dalları arasında aralıklı yüksek şiddetli aktivite gerektiren, daha çok anaerobik enerji sisteminin baskın olduğu, sıvı kaybı ve hidrasyonun önem taşıdığı spor dallarıdır. Çoğu takım sporu sezonluk yarışmaları içermekte, yarışmalar haftalık lig oyunları veya her gün ya da birkaç günde bir düzenlenen turnuvalar şeklinde oynanmaktadır. Oyuncuların bu yoğun maç dönemlerinde ve sezon dışında beslenmelerine dikkat etmeleri toparlanma ve performansları açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Arash Khatibi ◽  
Stefan Krauter
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
New Energy ◽  
And Performance

Fast-growing energy demand of the world makes the researchers focus on finding new energy sources or optimizing already-developed approaches. For an efficient use of solar and wind energy in an energy system, correct design and sizing of a power system is of high importance and improving or optimizing the process of data obtaining for this purpose leads to higher performance and lower cost per unit of energy. It is essential to have the most precise possible estimation of solar and wind energy potential and other local weather parameters in order to fully feed the demand and avoid extra costs. There are various methods for obtaining local data, such as local measurements, official organizational data, satellite obtained, and reanalysis data. In this paper, the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications dataset version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset provided by NASA is introduced and its performance is evaluated by comparison to various locally measured datasets offered by meteorological institutions such as Meteonorm and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, or Germany’s National Meteorological Service) around the world. After comparison, correlation coefficients from 0.95 to 0.99 are observed for monthly global horizontal irradiance values. In the case of air temperature, correlation coefficients of 0.99 and for wind speed from 0.81 to 0.99 are observed. High correlation with ground measurements and relatively low errors are confirmed, especially for irradiance and temperature values, that makes MERRA-2 a valuable dataset, considering its world coverage and availability.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Contributions to Energy Production Among Junior Male and Female Cross-Country Skiers During Diagonal Skiing

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry McGawley ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Purpose:Cross-country-ski races place complex demands on athletes, with events lasting between approximately 3 min and 2 h. The aim of the current study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic measures derived from a short time trial (TT) between male and female skiers using diagonal cross-country skiing.Methods:Twenty-four highly trained cross-country skiers (12 male and 12 female, age 17.4 ± 1.4 y, body mass 68.2 ± 8.9 kg, height 174 ± 8 cm) participated. The submaximal VO2–speed relationship and VO2max were derived from an incremental ramp test to exhaustion (RAMP), while the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), peak VO2, and performance time were measured during a 600-m TT.Results:The female skiers took longer to complete the TT than the males (209 ± 9 s vs 166 ± 7 s, P < .001) and exhibited a lower relative anaerobic contribution (20% ± 4% vs 24% ± 3%, P = .015) and a higher fractional utilization of VO2max (84% ± 4% vs 79% ± 5%, P = .007) than males. Although there was no significant difference in AOD between the sexes (40.9 ± 9.5 and 47.3 ± 7.4 mL/kg for females and males, respectively; P = .079), the mean difference ± 90% confidence intervals of 6.4 ± 6.0 mL/kg reflected a likely practical difference (ES = 0.72). The peak VO2 during the TT was significantly higher than VO2max during the RAMP for all participants combined (62.3 ± 6.8 vs 60.5 ± 7.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .011), and the mean difference ± 90% confidence intervals of 1.8 ± 1.1 mL · kg−1 · min−1 reflected a possible practical difference (ES = 0.25).Conclusions:These results show that performance and physiological responses to a self-paced TT lasting approximately 3 min differ between sexes. In addition, a TT may provide a valid measure of VO2max.

Dynamic Simulation of Energy System

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Barrett ◽  
Catalina Spataru
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
And Performance

This paper investigates how society engenders demands for energy services that vary with time and climate, and how renewable and other energy resources can be deployed to meet these demands. Because the whole people-energy system is modeled, there is little detail about any component, instead an overall picture of how the entire system works is presented in this paper. It became apparent that the design and performance of dwelling energy systems, and to some extent the behavior of people, cannot be considered in isolation from the whole system. In order to get a picture of how the entire system works, the greater the diversity better overview can be obtained. But, from a practical perspective it is difficult to simultaneously model in detail a large number of people-dwelling combinations, alongside all other demands and electricity and other supply.

The Accumulated Oxygen Deficit Measure and Its Application in Pediatric Exercise Science

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Naughton ◽  
John S. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
The Subject

A definitive measure for assessing the energy contribution of anaerobic pathways during exhaustive exercise remains inconclusive. The accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) has been used in several studies to estimate energy contribution. The underlying assumptions of the AOD measure have been criticized for underestimating the true contribution of anaerobic metabolism in high intensity exercise. Indeed, the AOD measure has been the subject of much controversy. Several of the physiological exercise responses of children may lead to an even greater underestimation of the anaerobic energy contribution to high intensity exercise in children than adults when AOD measures are calculated.

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