scholarly journals Disentangling Challenges to Scaling Alternate Wetting and Drying Technology for Rice Cultivation: Distilling Lessons From 20 Years of Experience in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Enriquez ◽  
Sudhir Yadav ◽  
Gio Karlo Evangelista ◽  
Donald Villanueva ◽  
Mary Ann Burac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Transfer Product ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
The Impact

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a low-cost innovation that enables farmers to adapt to increasingly water scarcity conditions (such as drought), increase overall farm production efficiency, and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is seen as a pathway for transforming agri-food systems into more resilient, productive, biologically diverse, and equitable forms, ensuring our commitments to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper uses scaling up and innovation uncertainty frameworks to review the success and challenges of AWD's 20-year scaling trajectory in the Philippines and explain the key factors that have influenced its outcomes. The framework adapted for this study is also used to examine the fitness between the scaling context and requirements, organizational mission, and corresponding capabilities. Findings show the innovation platform that vertically integrated key actors and locally adapted AWD has helped foster essential breakthroughs in creating an enabling environment that took AWD to national policy adoption in the Philippines. However, the dominant focus on technology transfer, product focus, and preference for controlled environments in the scaling practice has neglected many important contextual factors, allowing mismatches in enabling policy incentives, institutions, and scale to diminish the impacts of AWD in gravity-based systems. Our findings suggest that rethinking and re-envisioning the ways in which the impact can be scaled in irrigation rice systems using AWD is critical to sustaining food security and making the agriculture sector more resilient to climate change.

scholarly journals Determinants in the Adoption of Alternate Wetting and Drying Technique for Rice Production in a Gravity Surface Irrigation System in the Philippines

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Kristine Samoy-Pascual ◽  
Sudhir Yadav ◽  
Gio Evangelista ◽  
Mary Ann Burac ◽  
Marvelin Rafael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gravity Surface

Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is a well-known low-cost water-saving and climate change adaptation and mitigation technique for irrigated rice. However, its adoption rate has been low despite the decade of dissemination in Asia, especially in the Philippines. Using cross-sectional farm-level survey data, this study empirically explored factors shaping AWD adoption in a gravity surface irrigation system. We used regression-based approaches to examine the factors influencing farmers’ adoption of AWD and its impact on yield. Results showed that the majority of the AWD adopters were farmers who practiced enforced rotational irrigation (RI) scheduling within their irrigators’ association (IA). With the current irrigation management system, the probability of AWD implementation increases when farmers do not interfere with the irrigation schedule (otherwise they opt to go with flooding). Interestingly, the awareness factor did not play a significant role in the farmers’ adoption due to the RI setup. However, the perception of water management as an effective weed control method was positively significant, suggesting that farmers are likely to adopt AWD if weeds are not a major issue in their field. Furthermore, the impact on grain yields did not differ with AWD. Thus, given the RI scheduling already in place within the IA, we recommend fine-tuning this setup following the recommended safe AWD at the IA scale.

scholarly journals The Role of Soil N2O Emissions in Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: An Empirical Study from China around 2006 when Agricultural Tax Was Abolished

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocang Xu ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Linhong Chen ◽  
Chengjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Regional Difference ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Impact

The decision in 2006 to abolish the agricultural tax, which had lasted for thousands of years, contributed to the prosperity of agriculture, and with it the growing importance of soil N2O emissions in China. However, most of the previous literature ignored soil N2O emissions due to their too small share in total agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper attempts to take soil N2O emissions as an important variable in the measurement of agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP), which incorporates environmental pollution into the analytical framework of agricultural production efficiency. Three impressive results were found. Firstly, soil N2O emissions play an increasingly important role in agricultural GHG emissions. The proportion of soil N2O emissions in agricultural GHG emissions increased from 4.52% in 1998 to 4.83% in 2006, and then to 5.36% in 2016. Secondly, the regional difference of soil N2O emissions in AGTFP is visible. In 2016, although soil N2O emissions accounted for a small proportion (about 5%) of the total agricultural GHG emissions in China, the AGTFP including soil N2O emissions was much lower than that excluding soil N2O emissions, especially in areas with high agricultural and population density. Finally, over time, soil N2O emissions have had an increasing effect on AGTFP. Compared with 1998–2006, the impact of excluding soil N2O emissions on AGTFP in 2007–2016 was more evident than that including soil N2O emissions.

Impact of the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water-saving irrigation technique: Evidence from rice producers in the Philippines

Food Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick M. Rejesus ◽  
Florencia G. Palis ◽  
Divina Gracia P. Rodriguez ◽  
Ruben M. Lampayan ◽  
Bas A.M. Bouman
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying

scholarly journals Water Saving Irrigation in Rice Cultivation with Particular Reference to Alternate Wetting and Drying Method: An Overview

2010 ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
MM Husain ◽  
M Shahe Alam ◽  
MH Kabir ◽  
AK Khan ◽  
MM Islam
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Irrigation Practice ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Irrigation Cost

In the context of global energy crisis and water scarcity, rice production system is undergoing changes with the strategy to produce more rice with lesser amount of water. Water saving technology has therefore, been developed and increasingly adopted to irrigate rice in different countries. Impact of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation as a water saving technique on rice yield, water productivity and environment has been overviewed in this paper. On-farm trials were conducted during the years 2007 and 2008 to validate the adaptability of AWD method of irrigation in Boro rice-variety BRRI dhan29. The trials were conducted at different locations of Gazipur, in which three farmers’ plots of rice were irrigated following AWD method, which were then compared with another 3 farmers’ plots of rice irrigated in conventional method maintaining 3-5 inches of standing water throughout. The trials have revealed that AWD method saved about 365 mm irrigation water (about 27%) over the conventional irrigation practice. However, there was no adverse effect of AWD- irrigation on grain yields of rice. AWD method as perceived by farmers, although reduced irrigation cost, resulted in more weed infestation and was associated with more weeding cost. Following the impressive results of the validation trials, the demonstrations were conducted in the farmers’ fields of different districts during boro 2009. In general, the demonstrations were successful to impress the farmers about AWD-irrigation as a water saving and low-cost irrigation method. However assurance of timely availability of irrigation is a precondition for farmers to adopt the technique and weed management using appropriate herbicides is necessary for adoption of the technology.

scholarly journals Study of Socioeconomic Profile of Paddy Farmers Adopting Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Technology in Odisha, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Bibhu Prasad Dutta ◽  
Amit Mishra ◽  
Aditya Prasad Kanungo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mass Media Exposure

The study was conducted in Puri District of Odisha, India along with the introduction of a new technology Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in Rabi 2015. AWD was a very low cost water saving technology and farmers were made aware about it in the selected study area in nine villages, three in each three blocks of Puri district. The selected 144 farmers, 16 from each village who had adopted AWD were interviewed through a pretested interview schedule. 15 variables were taken to assess the socioeconomic profile of the farmers. The variables were quantified in terms of frequency and percentage. Respondents were categorized with respect to variables like social participation, cosmopoliteness, mass media exposure, extension participation, extension contact, progressiveness and scientific orientation on the basis of mean score and Standard Deviation The study revealed that majority (57.63%) of respondents belonged to middle aged category, maximum of 44 respondents (30.5%) having primary level education, majority (68%) of the respondents were marginal farmers, majority (78%) of respondents had high level of social participation, there was homogeneity among extension participation, average annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation and heterogeneity among all other variables.

Menu design approaches to promote sustainable vegetarian food choices when dining out

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Parkin ◽  
Sophie Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Menu Design ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Shifting dietary choices towards plant-based food is an urgent challenge given the environmental impact of livestock production and imminent need to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous research has proven the value of low cost, scalable menu design interventions to influence people’s food choices, without the need for large-scale educational campaigns. Here we present two online randomized control trials to determine the effectiveness of menu design on nudging participants’ food choices away from meat and towards plant-based dishes, in order to provide guidance to the food service sector. In study one we explore the impact that the availability of vegetarian items has on choice. Participants were allocated to menus whereby 75%, 50% or 25% of the items were plant-based. We show that meat eaters were significantly more likely to choose a plant-based meal when presented with a menu where 75% of options were vegetarian, but not when half of the options were vegetarian. This finding highlights the fact that saturating the choice environment is needed to promote plant-based food. In study two, we explore the impact of vegetarian symbols (V) on menus to determine if these are used by meat eaters as exclusion decision filters, as is seen in previous work with menus that contain designated, ‘vegetarian’ dish sections. Here we show that the placement of the V symbol, to the left or right of the dish label, has no impact on choice. These studies provide insights into how the environmental footprint of the food service sector can be reduced via easy and scalable menu design approaches.

The Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Various Dietary Practices and Intervention Possibilities to Reduce This Impact

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Celia Green ◽  
Andrew Joyce ◽  
Jonathan Hallett ◽  
Toni Hannelly ◽  
Gemma Carey
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the link between dietary choices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and possible interventions to reduce this impact. The connections between climate change, food systems and public health are explored. It is shown that there is variance in the impact of different food types on GHG emissions, with animal products having the greatest impact. The role of food system activities in the production of GHG emissions is also explored. Dietary choices and GHG emissions are examined using case studies from a variety of countries. Results show that reduced animal food production has increased potential to reduce GHG emissions compared to technological mitigation or increased productivity measures. Finally, a systems science approach is used to explore possible interventions aimed at reducing consumption of animal products.

Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation with alternate wetting and drying irrigation of rice agriculture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R.K. Runkle ◽  
Arlene Adviento-Borbe ◽  
Michele L. Reba ◽  
Beatriz Moreno-García ◽  
Sandhya Karki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Aerobic Soil

<p>Rice production contributes roughly 11% of global CH4 anthropogenic emissions while producing food for over 3 billion people. The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation practice for rice has the potential to conserve water while reducing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions through the deliberate, periodic introduction of aerobic soil conditions. Our work in the US Mid-South rice production region has demonstrated, using the eddy covariance method on adjacent fields, that AWD can reduce field CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by about 66% without impacting yield. In any strategy, CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions should also be monitored to take advantage of the high carbon sequestration potential of rice and low potential N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Careful water and fertilizer management can theoretically keep N<sub>2</sub>O emissions low. All three gases should be managed together, while sustaining or improving harvest yield, to create a sustainable rice production system.</p><p> </p><p>We now present 5 years of closed chamber measurements of N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> and compare them to the eddy covariance measurements of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> to derive a more thorough perspective on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or global warming potential basis of rice production from the highly productive, mechanized, humid, US Mid-South. Global warming potential of GHG emissions from rice systems was dominated by CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (74 to 100%), hence mitigating efforts need to focus on CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Greater reduction of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions can be achieved by proper AWD management practice combined with adequate N fertilization. We end with a comment on the upcoming challenge of how to sequester CO<sub>2</sub> uptake as soil organic matter via litter incorporation without increasing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. </p>

scholarly journals Organic Farming and Climate Change: The Need for Innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7012
Author(s):  
Sean Clark
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Societal Interest

Organic agriculture has experienced remarkable growth in recent decades as societal interest in environmental protection and healthy eating has increased. Research has shown that relative to conventional agriculture, organic farming is more efficient in its use of non-renewable energy, maintains or improves soil quality, and has less of a detrimental effect on water quality and biodiversity. Studies have had more mixed findings, however, when examining the impact of organic farming on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) in particular have indicated that organic farming can often result in higher GHG emissions per unit product as a result of lower yields. The organic movement has the opportunity to embrace the science of LCA and use this information in developing tools for site-specific assessments that can point toward strategies for improvements. Responding effectively to the climate change crisis should be at the core of the organic movement’s values. Additionally, while societal-level behavioral and policy changes will be required to reduce waste and shift diets to achieve essential reductions in GHG emissions throughout food systems, organic farming should be open to seriously considering emerging technologies and methods to improve its performance and reduce GHG emissions at the production stage.

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