Presence of Adult Companion Goats Favors the Rumen Microbial and Functional Development in Artificially Reared Kids

Newborn dairy ruminants are usually separated from their dams after birth and fed on milk replacer. This lack of contact with adult animals may hinder the rumen microbiological and physiological development. This study evaluates the effects of rearing newborn goat kids in contact with adult companions on the rumen development. Thirty-two newborn goat kids were randomly allocated to two experimental groups which were reared either in the absence (CTL) or in the presence of non-lactating adult goats (CMP) and weaned at 7 weeks of age. Blood and rumen samples were taken at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age to evaluate blood metabolites and rumen microbial fermentation. Next-generation sequencing was carried out on rumen samples collected at 7 weeks of age. Results showed that CTL kids lacked rumen protozoa, whereas CMP kids had an abundant and complex protozoal community as well as higher methanogen abundance which positively correlated with the body weight and blood β-hydroxybutyrate as indicators of the physiological development. CMP kids also had a more diverse bacterial community (+132 ASVs) and a different structure of the bacterial and methanogen communities than CTL kids. The core rumen bacterial community in CMP animals had 53 more ASVs than that of CTL animals. Furthermore, the number of ASVs shared with the adult companions was over 4-fold higher in CMP kids than in CTL kids. Greater levels of early rumen colonizers Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes were found in CTL kids, while CMP kids had higher levels of Bacteroidetes and other less abundant taxa (Veillonellaceae, Cyanobacteria, and Selenomonas). These findings suggest that the presence of adult companions facilitated the rumen microbial development prior to weaning. This accelerated microbial development had no effect on the animal growth, but CMP animals presented higher rumen pH and butyrate (+45%) and ammonia concentrations than CTL kids, suggesting higher fibrolytic and proteolytic activities. CMP kids also had higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate (+79%) and lower blood glucose concentrations (-23%) at weaning, indicating an earlier metabolic development which could favor the transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant after the weaning process. Further research is needed to determine the effects of this intervention in more challenging farm conditions.

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Noodles Made from High Amylose Wheat Flour Attenuate Postprandial Glycaemia in Healthy Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2171

Author(s):

Kim Ang ◽

Carla Bourgy ◽

Haelee Fenton ◽

Ahmed Regina ◽

Marcus Newberry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Lower Blood ◽

High Amylose ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

Previous research has not considered the effect of high amylose wheat noodles on postprandial glycaemia. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of consumption of high amylose noodles on postprandial glycaemia over 2-h periods by monitoring changes in blood glucose concentration and calculating the total area under the blood glucose concentration curve. Twelve healthy young adults were recruited to a repeated measure randomised, single-blinded crossover trial to compare the effect of consuming noodles (180 g) containing 15%, 20% and 45% amylose on postprandial glycaemia. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were taken via finger-prick blood samples. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Subjects consuming high amylose noodles made with flour containing 45% amylose had significantly lower blood glucose concentration at 15, 30 and 45 min (5.5 ± 0.11, 6.1 ± 0.11 and 5.6 ± 0.11 mmol/L; p = 0.01) compared to subjects consuming low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (5.8 ± 0.12, 6.6 ± 0.12 and 5.9 ± 0.12 mmol/L). The total area under the blood glucose concentration curve after consumption of high amylose noodles with 45% amylose was 640.4 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min, 3.4% lower than consumption of low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (662.9 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min), p = 0.021. Noodles made from high amylose wheat flour attenuate postprandial glycaemia in healthy young adults, as characterised by the significantly lower blood glucose concentration and a 3.4% reduction in glycaemic response.

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Inoculation with rumen fluid in early life accelerates the rumen microbial development and favours the weaning process in goats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-108249/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽

Elisabeth Jiménez ◽

Milka Popova ◽

Diego P Morgavi ◽

A Ignacio Martín-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

The Core ◽

Methanobrevibacter Ruminantium ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Functional Development ◽

Microbial Development ◽

Direct Inoculation ◽

Animal Growth ◽

And Function

Abstract Background: Newborn ruminants possess an underdeveloped rumen which is colonized by microorganisms acquired from adult animals and the surrounding environment. This microbial transfer can be limited in dairy systems in which newborns are separated from their dams at birth. This study explores whether the direct inoculation of fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid from adult goats to newborn kids has a beneficial effect on rumen microbial development and function.Results: Repetitive inoculation of young kids with fresh rumen fluid from adult goats adapted to forage (RFF) or concentrate diets (RFC) accelerated microbial colonization of the rumen during the pre-weaning period leading to high protozoal numbers, a greater diversity of bacterial (+234 OTUs), methanogens (+6 OTUs) and protozoal communities (+25 OTUs) than observed in control kids (CTL) without inoculation. This inoculation also increased the size of the core bacterial and methanogens community and the abundance of key rumen bacteria (Ruminococcaceae, Fibrobacteres, Veillonellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Tenericutes), methanogens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanomicrobium mobile and Group 9), anaerobic fungi (Piromyces and Orpinomyces) and protozoal taxa (Enoploplastron, Diplodinium, Polyplastron, Ophryoscolex, Isotricha and Dasytricha) before weaning whereas CTL kids remained protozoa-free through the study. Most of these taxa were positively correlated with indicators of the rumen microbiological and physiological development (higher forage and concentrate intakes and animal growth during the post-weaning period) favouring the weaning process in RFF and RFC kids in comparison to CTL kids. Some of these microbiological differences tended to decrease during the post-weaning period, although RFF and RFC kids retained a more complex and matured rumen microbial ecosystem than CTL kids. Inoculation with autoclaved rumen fluid promoted lower development of the bacterial and protozoal communities during the pre-weaning period than using fresh inocula, but it favoured a more rapid microbial development during the post-weaning than observed for CTL kids.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that inoculation of young ruminants with fresh rumen fluid from adult animals accelerated the rumen microbial colonization which was associated with an earlier rumen functional development. This strategy facilitated a smoother transition from milk to solid feed favoring the animal performance during post-weaning and minimizing stress.

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Effects of chronic hyperinsulinaemia on hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the young rat

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1720327 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 172 (2) ◽

pp. 327-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K L McCormick ◽

J A Widness ◽

J B Susa ◽

R Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Pyruvate Kinase ◽

Malic Enzyme ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Hepatic Enzymes ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Cleavage Enzyme ◽

Young Rat ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

Chronic (6 days) hyperinsulinaemia in young rats produced lower blood glucose concentrations and augmented body- and liver-weight gain. The insulin-treated rats had increased hepatic activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme, ‘malic’ enzyme and high-substrate (6.6 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, and decreased glucose 6-phosphatase. There were no changes in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphofructokinase, low-substrate (1.3 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate) pyruvate kinase, glucokinase and hexokinase.

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Glucose lowering effects of inhaled insulin in healthy cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.jfms.2008.04.008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 519-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amy E. DeClue ◽

Elizabeth F. Leverenz ◽

Charles E. Wiedmeyer ◽

Margaret E. Bryan ◽

Carol R. Reinero

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Severe Hypoglycemia ◽

Regular Insulin ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Lowering ◽

Inhaled Insulin ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽

Mean Blood Glucose

Inhaled medications have proven effective and well tolerated in cats, and inhaled insulin has been used successfully for the management of diabetes mellitus in humans. Thus, we hypothesize that delivery of aerosolized regular insulin can lower blood glucose in healthy cats. Five adult cats were administered aerosolized 0.9% saline (IS), regular insulin intravenously (IV) 0.5 U/kg, and aerosolized regular insulin 15 U/kg (I15) and 25 U/kg (I25) and blood glucose was evaluated. Mean blood glucose was significantly lower at 15, 30 and 45 min in the I25 and IV groups compared to baseline. Similarly, the IV and I25 groups had a significantly greater maximal percent change in blood glucose than the IS group. Significantly more cats developed severe hypoglycemia (<50 mg/dl; 2.7 mmol/l) in the IV and I25 groups than in the IS group. Results of this study demonstrate that aerosolized insulin can effectively lower blood glucose concentrations in healthy cats.

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Inoculation with rumen fluid in early life accelerates the rumen microbial development and favours the weaning process in goats

Animal Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s42523-021-00073-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽

Elisabeth Jiménez ◽

Milka Popova ◽

Diego Pablo Morgavi ◽

Antonio Ignacio Martín-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

The Core ◽

Methanobrevibacter Ruminantium ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Functional Development ◽

Microbial Development ◽

Direct Inoculation ◽

Animal Growth ◽

And Function

Abstract Background Newborn ruminants possess an underdeveloped rumen which is colonized by microorganisms acquired from adult animals and the surrounding environment. This microbial transfer can be limited in dairy systems in which newborns are separated from their dams at birth. This study explores whether the direct inoculation of fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid from adult goats to newborn kids has a beneficial effect on rumen microbial development and function. Results Repetitive inoculation of young kids with fresh rumen fluid from adult goats adapted to forage (RFF) or concentrate diets (RFC) accelerated microbial colonization of the rumen during the pre-weaning period leading to high protozoal numbers, a greater diversity of bacterial (+ 234 OTUs), methanogens (+ 6 OTUs) and protozoal communities (+ 25 OTUs) than observed in control kids (CTL) without inoculation. This inoculation also increased the size of the core bacterial and methanogens community and the abundance of key rumen bacteria (Ruminococcaceae, Fibrobacteres, Veillonellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Tenericutes), methanogens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanomicrobium mobile and Group 9), anaerobic fungi (Piromyces and Orpinomyces) and protozoal taxa (Enoploplastron, Diplodinium, Polyplastron, Ophryoscolex, Isotricha and Dasytricha) before weaning whereas CTL kids remained protozoa-free through the study. Most of these taxa were positively correlated with indicators of the rumen microbiological and physiological development (higher forage and concentrate intakes and animal growth during the post-weaning period) favoring the weaning process in RFF and RFC kids in comparison to CTL kids. Some of these microbiological differences tended to decrease during the post-weaning period, although RFF and RFC kids retained a more complex and matured rumen microbial ecosystem than CTL kids. Inoculation with autoclaved rumen fluid promoted lower development of the bacterial and protozoal communities during the pre-weaning period than using fresh inocula, but it favored a more rapid microbial development during the post-weaning than observed for CTL kids. Conclusions This study demonstrated that inoculation of young ruminants with fresh rumen fluid from adult animals accelerated the rumen microbial colonization which was associated with an earlier rumen functional development. This strategy facilitated a smoother transition from milk to solid feed favoring the animal performance during post-weaning and minimizing stress.

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PPIs May Lower Blood Glucose in Diabetes

Internal Medicine News ◽

10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70422-4 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

KATE JOHNSON

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Lower Blood

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Rational Use of Protein Supplements in the Elderly—Relevance of Gastrointestinal Mechanisms

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1227

Author(s):

Ian Chapman ◽

Avneet Oberoi ◽

Caroline Giezenaar ◽

Stijn Soenen

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Older People ◽

The Elderly ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Protein Requirements ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Older Subjects

Protein supplements are increasingly used by older people to maintain nutrition and prevent or treat loss of muscle function. Daily protein requirements in older people are in the range of 1.2 gm/kg/day or higher. Many older adults do not consume this much protein and are likely to benefit from higher consumption. Protein supplements are probably best taken twice daily, if possible soon after exercise, in doses that achieve protein intakes of 30 gm or more per episode. It is probably not important to give these supplements between meals, as we have shown no suppressive effects of 30 gm whey drinks, and little if any suppression of 70 gm given to older subjects at varying time intervals from meals. Many gastrointestinal mechanisms controlling food intake change with age, but their contributions to changes in responses to protein are not yet well understood. There may be benefits in giving the supplement with rather than between meals, to achieve protein intakes above the effective anabolic threshold with lower supplement doses, and have favourable effects on food-induced blood glucose increases in older people with, or at risk of developing, type 2 diabetes mellitus; combined protein and glucose drinks lower blood glucose compared with glucose alone in older people.

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Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in male rats results in sustained HPA activation, and hyperinsulinemia

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00233.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Theresa A. Lansdell ◽

Anne M Dorrance

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion ◽

Cerebral Hypoperfusion ◽

Male Rats ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Bilateral Carotid ◽

Glucose Tolerance Tests ◽

Bilateral Carotid Artery

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a spectrum of cognitive deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease, for which insulin resistance is a major risk factor. A major cause of VCID is chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Under stress, sustained hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation can result in insulin resistance. Little is known about the effects of CCH on the HPA axis. We hypothesized that CCH causes sustained HPA activation and insulin resistance. Male rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) for 12 weeks to induce CCH and VCID. BCAS reduced cerebral blood flow and caused memory impairment. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone was increased in the BCAS rats (117.2 ± 9.6 vs. 88.29 ± 9.1 pg/mL, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0236), as was corticosterone (220 ± 21 vs. 146 ± 18 ng/g feces, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0083). BCAS rats were hypoglycemic (68.1 ± 6.1 vs. 76.5± 5.9 mg/dL, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0072), with increased fasting insulin (481.6 ± 242.6 vs. 97.94± 40.02 pmol/L, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0003) indicating BCAS rats were insulin resistant (HOMA-IR:11.71 ± 6.47 vs. 2.62 ± 0.93; BCAS vs. control, p = 0.0008). Glucose tolerance tests revealed that BCAS rats had lower blood glucose AUCs than controls (250 ± 12 vs. 326 ± 20 mg/dL/h, BCAS vs. sham, p = 0.0075). These studies indicate that CCH causes sustained activation of the HPA and results in insulin resistance, a condition that is expected to worsen VCID.

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DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Interexpo GEO-Siberia ◽

10.33764/2618-981x-2021-5-91-95 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 91-95

Author(s):

Elena V. Klimova ◽

Olga V. Mukhametova ◽

Nail Sh. Mukhametov

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Motor Activity ◽

Goal Orientation ◽

The Body ◽

State University ◽

First Year Students ◽

Motor Abilities ◽

Functional Capabilities ◽

Functional Development ◽

Psychophysiological State

This paper examines the dynamics of changes in the indicators of the psychophysiological state of students of the Siberian State University of Railway Transport. The indicators of motor activity, vital index (ZHI) and respiratory system were considered. The purpose of the study is to identify the physical and functional capabilities of the body of first-year students, as well as to analyze the level of health. The objectives of the study are to determine the level of psychophysiological state of students in dynamics. Research hypothesis: the source of physical education should be on motor activity that is appropriate for development, in order to promote self-efficacy and pleasure, as well as encourage continuous participation in physical activity; through the acquisition of motivational experience by students in physical education and sports, physical and functional development is achieved, as well as self-esteem, goal orientation and tasks; the effectiveness of physical development can be achieved by changing the approaches to the implementation of FC programs, sports facilities, recruitment, as well as the organization of school-university continuity. Research methods: analysis, systematization, generalization. The results of the research showed a decrease in physical fitness and activity in general, as well as the need to develop motor abilities and improve the level of physical health of students.

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Investigating the relationship between lentil carbohydrate fractions and in vivo postprandial blood glucose response by use of the natural variation in starch fractions among 20 lentil varieties

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c7fo00972k ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 3783-3791 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Dan Ramdath ◽

Qiang Liu ◽

Elizabeth Donner ◽

Aileen Hawke ◽

Danusha Kalinga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Starch Content ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Response ◽

Lower Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Response ◽

Lower Blood ◽

The Relationship

Using human studies we confirm that lentils lower blood glucose response, which is correlated to the rapidly digestible starch and resistant starch content.

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