scholarly journals Inoculation with rumen fluid in early life accelerates the rumen microbial development and favours the weaning process in goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
Milka Popova ◽  
Diego Pablo Morgavi ◽  
Antonio Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
The Core ◽  
Methanobrevibacter Ruminantium ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Microbial Development ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Newborn ruminants possess an underdeveloped rumen which is colonized by microorganisms acquired from adult animals and the surrounding environment. This microbial transfer can be limited in dairy systems in which newborns are separated from their dams at birth. This study explores whether the direct inoculation of fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid from adult goats to newborn kids has a beneficial effect on rumen microbial development and function. Results Repetitive inoculation of young kids with fresh rumen fluid from adult goats adapted to forage (RFF) or concentrate diets (RFC) accelerated microbial colonization of the rumen during the pre-weaning period leading to high protozoal numbers, a greater diversity of bacterial (+ 234 OTUs), methanogens (+ 6 OTUs) and protozoal communities (+ 25 OTUs) than observed in control kids (CTL) without inoculation. This inoculation also increased the size of the core bacterial and methanogens community and the abundance of key rumen bacteria (Ruminococcaceae, Fibrobacteres, Veillonellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Tenericutes), methanogens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanomicrobium mobile and Group 9), anaerobic fungi (Piromyces and Orpinomyces) and protozoal taxa (Enoploplastron, Diplodinium, Polyplastron, Ophryoscolex, Isotricha and Dasytricha) before weaning whereas CTL kids remained protozoa-free through the study. Most of these taxa were positively correlated with indicators of the rumen microbiological and physiological development (higher forage and concentrate intakes and animal growth during the post-weaning period) favoring the weaning process in RFF and RFC kids in comparison to CTL kids. Some of these microbiological differences tended to decrease during the post-weaning period, although RFF and RFC kids retained a more complex and matured rumen microbial ecosystem than CTL kids. Inoculation with autoclaved rumen fluid promoted lower development of the bacterial and protozoal communities during the pre-weaning period than using fresh inocula, but it favored a more rapid microbial development during the post-weaning than observed for CTL kids. Conclusions This study demonstrated that inoculation of young ruminants with fresh rumen fluid from adult animals accelerated the rumen microbial colonization which was associated with an earlier rumen functional development. This strategy facilitated a smoother transition from milk to solid feed favoring the animal performance during post-weaning and minimizing stress.

scholarly journals Inoculation with rumen fluid in early life accelerates the rumen microbial development and favours the weaning process in goats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
Milka Popova ◽  
Diego P Morgavi ◽  
A Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
The Core ◽  
Methanobrevibacter Ruminantium ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Microbial Development ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: Newborn ruminants possess an underdeveloped rumen which is colonized by microorganisms acquired from adult animals and the surrounding environment. This microbial transfer can be limited in dairy systems in which newborns are separated from their dams at birth. This study explores whether the direct inoculation of fresh or autoclaved rumen fluid from adult goats to newborn kids has a beneficial effect on rumen microbial development and function.Results: Repetitive inoculation of young kids with fresh rumen fluid from adult goats adapted to forage (RFF) or concentrate diets (RFC) accelerated microbial colonization of the rumen during the pre-weaning period leading to high protozoal numbers, a greater diversity of bacterial (+234 OTUs), methanogens (+6 OTUs) and protozoal communities (+25 OTUs) than observed in control kids (CTL) without inoculation. This inoculation also increased the size of the core bacterial and methanogens community and the abundance of key rumen bacteria (Ruminococcaceae, Fibrobacteres, Veillonellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Tenericutes), methanogens (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanomicrobium mobile and Group 9), anaerobic fungi (Piromyces and Orpinomyces) and protozoal taxa (Enoploplastron, Diplodinium, Polyplastron, Ophryoscolex, Isotricha and Dasytricha) before weaning whereas CTL kids remained protozoa-free through the study. Most of these taxa were positively correlated with indicators of the rumen microbiological and physiological development (higher forage and concentrate intakes and animal growth during the post-weaning period) favouring the weaning process in RFF and RFC kids in comparison to CTL kids. Some of these microbiological differences tended to decrease during the post-weaning period, although RFF and RFC kids retained a more complex and matured rumen microbial ecosystem than CTL kids. Inoculation with autoclaved rumen fluid promoted lower development of the bacterial and protozoal communities during the pre-weaning period than using fresh inocula, but it favoured a more rapid microbial development during the post-weaning than observed for CTL kids.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that inoculation of young ruminants with fresh rumen fluid from adult animals accelerated the rumen microbial colonization which was associated with an earlier rumen functional development. This strategy facilitated a smoother transition from milk to solid feed favoring the animal performance during post-weaning and minimizing stress.

scholarly journals Presence of Adult Companion Goats Favors the Rumen Microbial and Functional Development in Artificially Reared Kids

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽  
David R. Yáñez-Ruiz ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
A. Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
Alejandro Belanche
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Microbial Development ◽  
Proteolytic Activities ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Newborn dairy ruminants are usually separated from their dams after birth and fed on milk replacer. This lack of contact with adult animals may hinder the rumen microbiological and physiological development. This study evaluates the effects of rearing newborn goat kids in contact with adult companions on the rumen development. Thirty-two newborn goat kids were randomly allocated to two experimental groups which were reared either in the absence (CTL) or in the presence of non-lactating adult goats (CMP) and weaned at 7 weeks of age. Blood and rumen samples were taken at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age to evaluate blood metabolites and rumen microbial fermentation. Next-generation sequencing was carried out on rumen samples collected at 7 weeks of age. Results showed that CTL kids lacked rumen protozoa, whereas CMP kids had an abundant and complex protozoal community as well as higher methanogen abundance which positively correlated with the body weight and blood β-hydroxybutyrate as indicators of the physiological development. CMP kids also had a more diverse bacterial community (+132 ASVs) and a different structure of the bacterial and methanogen communities than CTL kids. The core rumen bacterial community in CMP animals had 53 more ASVs than that of CTL animals. Furthermore, the number of ASVs shared with the adult companions was over 4-fold higher in CMP kids than in CTL kids. Greater levels of early rumen colonizers Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes were found in CTL kids, while CMP kids had higher levels of Bacteroidetes and other less abundant taxa (Veillonellaceae, Cyanobacteria, and Selenomonas). These findings suggest that the presence of adult companions facilitated the rumen microbial development prior to weaning. This accelerated microbial development had no effect on the animal growth, but CMP animals presented higher rumen pH and butyrate (+45%) and ammonia concentrations than CTL kids, suggesting higher fibrolytic and proteolytic activities. CMP kids also had higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate (+79%) and lower blood glucose concentrations (-23%) at weaning, indicating an earlier metabolic development which could favor the transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant after the weaning process. Further research is needed to determine the effects of this intervention in more challenging farm conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of spatial structure on protein damage susceptibility: a bioinformatics approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Fichtner ◽  
Stefan Schuster ◽  
Heiko Stark
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Medicine ◽  
Protein Damage ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thermophilic Organisms ◽  
Damage Susceptibility ◽  
Protein Shell

AbstractAging research is a very popular field of research in which the deterioration or decline of various physiological features is studied. Here we consider the molecular level, which can also have effects on the macroscopic level. The proteinogenic amino acids differ in their susceptibilities to non-enzymatic modification. Some of these modifications can lead to protein damage and thus can affect the form and function of proteins. For this, it is important to know the distribution of amino acids between the protein shell/surface and the core. This was investigated in this study for all known structures of peptides and proteins available in the PDB. As a result, it is shown that the shell contains less susceptible amino acids than the core with the exception of thermophilic organisms. Furthermore, proteins could be classified according to their susceptibility. This can then be used in applications such as phylogeny, aging research, molecular medicine, and synthetic biology.

PSIX-5 Diet is more powerful than age in shaping the rumen bacterial community and function of dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 444-444
Author(s):  
YangYi Hao ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Shengli Li
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
High Fiber Diet ◽  
And Function

Abstract The objective was to understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, 48 dairy cattle were selected. Rumen fluid samples were collected from each animal at 1.5 (1.5M, milk and starter diet, n=8), 6 (6M, starter and oat grass, n=8), 9 (9M, high fiber diet, n=8), 18 (18M, high fiber diet, n=8), 23 (23M, high fiber diet, n=8) and 27 (27M, high grain diet, n=8) months old. The acetate/propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 were significantly higher than M27 and M1.5 (P < 0.05), while the A/P at M6 was lower than others (P < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid at M23 and M27 was higher than others (P < 0.05). The urease at M18 was significantly lower than M1.5, M6, and M9 (P < 0.05), and the xylanase at M18 was significantly higher than M1.5, M23, and M27 (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing data and the Linear discriminant analysis showed that thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers among ages and diets. The age and diet contributed 7.98% and 32.49% to the rumen bacteria community using the variation partitioning approach analysis. The norank_f_p-251-o5 was significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.83, P < 0.01), while Eubacterium was significantly and negatively correlated with age (r = -0.84, P < 0.01). Dietary fiber showed a strong correlation (r > 0.80, P < 0.01) with Lachnospiraceae, NK4A214_group, Saccharofermentans, Clostridia, Pseudobutyrivibrio Bacteroidales_UCG-001. These genera also negatively correlated with dietary crude protein and starch (r < - 0.80, P < 0.01). All these bacteria were significantly correlated with A/P, acetate, and urease (r > 0.5, P < 0.05). These findings collectively indicated that diet drives the great ability to shape the rumen bacteria community and function than age.

2. Speaking of God in the Post-Human Era: An Examination of Radical Life Extension in Relation to Key Theological Concepts and Narratives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Barton
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
The Core ◽  
Psychological Suffering ◽  
The Cross ◽  
And Function ◽  
Radical Life Extension ◽  
The Way ◽  
Changing World

Rapid advancements in radical life extension technologies contribute to humanity’s ever-changing world. The normalization of radical life extension technologies would signify that the present era in which biology and evolution act as dictators of human life and health would come to an end, thereby ushering in the age of the post-human. The purpose of this paper is to engage in a theological analysis of how and to what degree the ways in which humanity speaks about God could be changed or influenced if radical life extension becomes normative within society. . It is likely that this powerful technology would have a significant impact on many facets of culture, including the way in which humanity engages with religion, in particular Christianity. To accomplish this, the technology that could potentially support radical life extension, namely nanotechnology and cybernetic immortality, will be explained in terms of their relevance and function. Subsequently, the affects of radical life extension for human life will be addressed. Specifically, the implications of the partial or full eradication of human biological and psychological suffering and death through the use of cybernetic immortality and nanotechnology and will be considered. From there, the core theological concepts and narratives will be analyzed in the context of the potential actualization of radical life extension technology. A focus will be placed on the ethic of loving thy neighbour, Christ’s suffering on the cross, the hope of salvation and the Christian hope of entrance into heaven after death. 

scholarly journals Sec1p Binds to SNARE Complexes and Concentrates at Sites of Secretion

1999 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chavela M. Carr ◽  
Eric Grote ◽  
Mary Munson ◽  
Frederick M. Hughson ◽  
Peter J. Novick
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Snare Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Assembly ◽  
Vesicle Docking ◽  
Neuronal Protein ◽  
The Core ◽  
Target Membrane ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
And Function

Proteins of the Sec1 family have been shown to interact with target-membrane t-SNAREs that are homologous to the neuronal protein syntaxin. We demonstrate that yeast Sec1p coprecipitates not only the syntaxin homologue Ssop, but also the other two exocytic SNAREs (Sec9p and Sncp) in amounts and in proportions characteristic of SNARE complexes in yeast lysates. The interaction between Sec1p and Ssop is limited by the abundance of SNARE complexes present in sec mutants that are defective in either SNARE complex assembly or disassembly. Furthermore, the localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Sec1p coincides with sites of vesicle docking and fusion where SNARE complexes are believed to assemble and function. The proposal that SNARE complexes act as receptors for Sec1p is supported by the mislocalization of GFP-Sec1p in a mutant defective for SNARE complex assembly and by the robust localization of GFP-Sec1p in a mutant that fails to disassemble SNARE complexes. The results presented here place yeast Sec1p at the core of the exocytic fusion machinery, bound to SNARE complexes and localized to sites of secretion.

scholarly journals Research on the Application of Data Visualization Design in CBA League News

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 05078
Author(s):  
Yi Sui ◽  
Honghai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Visual Data ◽  
Core Competitiveness ◽  
The Core ◽  
Visualization Design ◽  
Sports News ◽  
The Core Competitiveness ◽  
And Function

In the context of the era of intelligence, the capacity and function of data is expanding, and is playing an irreplaceable role in the field of sports news. This paper studies the data expression mode of sports news. From the point of user needs and the characteristics of visual data, this paper discusses the methods and suggestions of data visualization design in CBA league news, in an attempt to form an intuitive, efficient and convenient visual form of sports news, which can promote the multi-dimensional development of visual symbols in sports news, and promote the progress of data analysis and prediction. The data visualization has become the core competitiveness of sports news.

scholarly journals Demographic and functional potential of the Novosibirsk urban region in Russian Federation. A case study of transformations using the directional profile method

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (320) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Tobiasz-Lis ◽  
Marcin Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Core ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
National Settlement ◽  
National Settlement System

The research presented in this article focuses on the urban region of Novosibirsk, which is one of the most industrialized part of Siberia and the Asian part of Russian Federation. To show relationships between the city as the core of the region and its peripheral area a case study analysing territorial units within the southern settlement belt along the Novosibirsk–Cherepanovo regional railway line over a distance of approx. 100 km. This belt was chosen because of the continuity of the settlement and due to the presence of different functional types of edge towns. The adopted system, from the core to the area of weakening direct links to Novosibirsk, helped to define the directional profile of the urban region as relating to the demographic and economic characteristics. The research was based on two methods of determining the functions of cities in the national settlement system: a research programme concerning the genesis of functional development and a research programme of specialised functions, the purpose of which is to determine the economic base (exogenous functions) of territorial units. The presented results have shown general tendencies in the transformations of the Novosibirsk urban region’s spatial structure, both in long-term perspective (the generic view of function development) and under contemporary circumstances related to the economic transformation of Russia.

Rescuing “That Tired Irregular Pearl from Such Lengthy Isolation”

2018 ◽  
pp. 242-258
Author(s):  
Molly A. Warsh
Keyword(s):  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Early American ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
American Experiment ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
And Function ◽  
Widespread Interest

The conclusion considers the enduring lessons of two centuries of continuity and change in pearl production and circulation. Two hundred years after the Caribbean pearl fisheries’ heyday, the widespread interest in the diversity of form and function that pearls had come to symbolize endured in the personal and imperial imagination. This early American experiment in wealth production honed the governing impulse to contain and categorize objects and subjects by their perceived nature. But neither pearls nor people could ever be easily or entirely controlled. Like pearls, people offer an infinitely varied expression of a single unifying identity and their subjective judgment—as evidenced in assessments of pearl’s value—remained beyond the purview of imperial authority. This essential independence of imagination is embodied by the baroque pearl transformed by a jeweler into exquisite art and the enduring utility of the term beyond pearls as a metaphor for unbounded and irregular expression. Even as many of pearls’ classical associations endured—their sensuality and their association with death, unnatural pairings, and maritime peril—the global connections forged in the post-Columbus years transformed the core of pearls’ identity from simplicity to multiplicity.

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