scholarly journals Influence of Heterologous and Homologous Vaccines, and Their Components, on the Host Immune Response and Protection Against Experimental Caprine Paratuberculosis

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noive Arteche-Villasol ◽  
Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito ◽  
Natalia Elguezabal ◽  
Iker A. Sevilla ◽  
Raquel Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Lymphocyte Subpopulations ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Granulomatous Lesions

Vaccination against paratuberculosis, a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), has been considered as the most effective control method. However, protection is incomplete, and the mechanisms operating in the response of the animals to vaccination are not fully understood. Therefore, this study analyzed the immune response and the effects on protection against Map infection, elicited by paratuberculosis (Silirum®) and tuberculosis (heat-inactivated M. bovis [HIMB]) vaccines and their components in a caprine experimental model. Fifty goat kids were divided into 10 groups (n = 5) according to their vaccination (Silirum®, HIMB and nonvaccinated), immunization (inactivated bacteria or adjuvant), and/or infection. Oral challenge with Map was performed 45 days postvaccination/immunization (dpv), and animals were euthanized at 190 dpv. Peripheral immune response and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed monthly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Local immune response, proportion of tissue lymphocyte subpopulations, Map detection (polymerase chain reaction), and histological examination were conducted in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. All infected groups developed paratuberculosis granulomatous lesions despite vaccination or immunization. The Silirum® and HIMB-vaccinated groups showed a considerable lesion reduction consistent with a significant peripheral cellular and humoral immune response. Besides, a lower number of granulomas were observed in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria and adjuvants in comparison to nonvaccinated and infected group. However, despite not being significant, this reduction was even higher in adjuvant immunized groups, which developed milder granulomatous lesion with no detectable peripheral immune responses associated with immunization. No changes in the peripheral and local proportion of lymphocyte subsets or local immune response were detected in relation to either vaccination/immunization or infection. Despite that paratuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination showed a partial and cross-protection against Map infection, respectively, only histological examination could assess the progression of infection in these animals. In addition, the pattern observed in the reduction of the lesions in adjuvant immunized groups suggests the possible involvement of a nonspecific immune response that reduces the development of granulomatous lesions.

scholarly journals Alternative Vaccination Routes against Paratuberculosis Modulate Local Immune Response and Interference with Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Laboratory Animal Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Rakel Arrazuria ◽  
Iraia Ladero ◽  
Elena Molina ◽  
Miguel Fuertes ◽  
Ramón Juste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Skin Test Reactivity ◽  
Tuberculosis Diagnosis ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Future Evaluation

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an enteric granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that mainly affects ruminants. Current vaccines have shown to be cost–effective control reagents, although they are restricted due to cross-interference with bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Therefore, novel vaccination strategies are needed and this study is focused on evaluating alternative vaccination routes and their effect on the local immune response. The MAP oral challenge rabbit model was used to evaluate and compare an experimental inactivated MAP vaccine through oral (VOR) and intradermal (VID) routes. The VID group presented the highest proportion of animals with no visible lesions and the lowest proportion of animals with MAP positive tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the VID group presented a dominantly M1 polarized response indicating an ability to control MAP infection. In general, all vaccinated groups showed lower calprotectin levels compared to the non-vaccinated challenged group suggesting less active granulomatous lesions. The VID group showed some degree of skin test reactivity, whereas the same vaccine through oral administration was completely negative. These data show that PTB vaccination has an effect on macrophage polarization and that the route influences infection outcome and can also have an impact on bTB diagnosis. Future evaluation of new immunological products against mycobacterial diseases should consider assaying different vaccination routes.

scholarly journals Immunoblot Analysis of Humoral Immune Response to Helicobacter pylori in Children with and without Duodenal Ulcer

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1777-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gifone A. Rocha ◽  
Andreia M. R. Oliveira ◽  
Dulciene M. M. Queiroz ◽  
Anfrisina S. T. Carvalho ◽  
Ana M. M. F. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Duodenal Ulcer ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Urease Test ◽  
H Pylori

Several studies have demonstrated that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is not a sensitive and specific method to diagnoseHelicobacter pylori infection in children, especially in the younger ones. Since serum immune response can also be determined by immunoblotting and it permits the detection of antibodies to virulence factors such as CagA and VacA, we evaluated the accuracy of a commercial immunoblotting test to diagnose H. pyloriinfection and to assess the humoral immune response to differentH. pylori antigens in 122 children who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The presence of H. pylori was determined in antral biopsy specimens by culture, preformed urease test, and histological analysis. H. pylori was identified by microbiological and histopathological methods in 66 children (including all of the 21 who had duodenal ulcer). Antibodies toH. pylori were detected in 63 infected children and in 8 noninfected ones. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the immunoblotting test were 95.5, 85.7, 88.7, and 94.1%, respectively. The number of immunoreactive bands increased with age (P = 0.003), and the bands of 35 kDa (P = 0.013); 89 kDa, the VacA antigen (P = 0.001); and 116 kDa, the CagA antigen (P = 0.00004) were more frequently observed in older children. The frequency of the bands of 89 kDa (P = 0.001) and 116 kDa (P = 0.03) was higher in children with duodenal ulcer than in H. pylori-positive children without the disease. In conclusion, the immunoblotting test appears to be useful for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in children, even in the younger ones.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung-Jin Yoon ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ◽  
Sabrina L. Swenson ◽  
Michael J. McGinley ◽  
Ken A. Eernisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The development of the humoral immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was monitored by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum virus neutralization (SVN) test over a 105-day period in 8 pigs experimentally infected with ATCC strain VR-2402. Specific antibodies against PRRS virus were first detected by the IFA test, IPMA, ELISA, and the SVN test 9-11, 5-9, 9-13, and 9-28 days postinoculation (PI), respectively, and reached their maximum values by 4-5, 5-6, 4-6, and 10-11 weeks PI, respectively, thereafter. After reaching maximum value, all assays showed a decline in antibody levels. Assuming a constant rate of antibody decay, it was estimated by regression analysis that the ELISA, IFA, IPMA, and SVN antibody titers would approach the lower limits of detection by approximately days 137, 158, 324, and 356 PI, respectively. In this study, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay appeared to offer slightly better performance relative to the IFA test, ELISA, and SVN test in terms of earlier detection and slower rate of decline in antibody titers. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antibody specific for the 15-kD viral protein was present in all pigs by 7 days PI and persisted throughout the 105-day observation period. Initial detection of antibodies to the 19-, 23-, and 26-kD proteins varied among pigs, ranging from 9 to 35 days PI. Thereafter, the antibody responses to these 3 viral proteins of PRRS virus continued to be detected throughout the 105-day study period. These results clearly indicate that the 15-kD protein is the most immunogenic of the 4 viral proteins identified and may provide the antigenic basis for the development of improved diagnostic tests for the detection of PRRS virus antibodies.

scholarly journals Preparation of the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine by plasma activated water and evaluation of its protection efficacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Hongzhuan ◽  
Tian Ying ◽  
Su Xia ◽  
Guo Jinsong ◽  
Zhang Zhenhua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Plasma Activated Water ◽  
Newcastle Disease Vaccine

AbstractVaccination has been regarded as the most effective way to reduce death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases in the livestock industry. In this study, plasma activated water (PAW) was introduced to prepare the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine. Humoral immune response was tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that the vaccine prepared by PAW at appropriate volume ratio could induce similar antibody titers in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens compared with the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine. The challenge experiment further confirmed that the vaccine prepared by PAW conferred solid protection against virulent NDV. Moreover, it was found that the vaccine could promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and stimulate cell-mediated immunity of SPF chickens. Furthermore, analysis of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and physicochemical properties of PAW suggested reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) played an essential role in the virus inactivation. Therefore, this study indicated that NDV treated by PAW in an appropriate ratio retained immunogenicity on the premise of virus inactivation. PAW as a promising strategy could be used to prepare inactivated vaccine for Newcastle disease.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Humoral Immune Response to a Prime-Boost Ebola Vaccine: Quantification and Sources of Variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Pasin ◽  
Irene Balelli ◽  
Thierry Van Effelterre ◽  
Viki Bockstal ◽  
Laura Solforosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Phase 1 Trials ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Boost Immunization

ABSTRACT The Ebola vaccine based on Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo prime-boost regimens is being evaluated in multiple clinical trials. The long-term immune response to the vaccine is unknown, including factors associated with the response and variability around the response. We analyzed data from three phase 1 trials performed by the EBOVAC1 Consortium in four countries: the United Kingdom, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Participants were randomized into four groups based on the interval between prime and boost immunizations (28 or 56 days) and the sequence in which Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo were administered. Consecutive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements of the IgG binding antibody concentrations against the Kikwit glycoprotein (GP) were available for 177 participants to assess the humoral immune response up to 1 year postprime. Using a mathematical model for the dynamics of the humoral response, from 7 days after the boost immunization up to 1 year after the prime immunization, we estimated the durability of the antibody response and the influence of different factors on the dynamics of the humoral response. Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) described the dynamics of antibody response and two populations of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), short-lived (SL) and long-lived (LL). Parameters of the ODEs were estimated using a population approach. We estimated that half of the LL ASCs could persist for at least 5 years. The vaccine regimen significantly affected the SL ASCs and the antibody peak but not the long-term response. The LL ASC compartment dynamics differed significantly by geographic regions analyzed, with a higher long-term antibody persistence in European subjects. These differences could not be explained by the observed differences in cellular immune response. IMPORTANCE With no available licensed vaccines or therapies, the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic of 2014 to 2016 caused 11,310 deaths. Following this outbreak, the development of vaccines has been accelerated. Combining different vector-based vaccines as heterologous regimens could induce a durable immune response, assessed through antibody concentrations. Based on data from phase 1 trials in East Africa and Europe, the dynamics of the humoral immune response from 7 days after the boost immunization onwards were modeled to estimate the durability of the response and understand its variability. Antibody production is maintained by a population of long-lived cells. Estimation suggests that half of these cells can persist for at least 5 years in humans. Differences in prime-boost vaccine regimens affect only the short-term immune response. Geographical differences in long-lived cell dynamics were inferred, with higher long-term antibody concentrations induced in European participants.

scholarly journals Humoral Immune Response Associated with Lyme Borreliosis in Nonhuman Primates: Analysis by Immunoblotting and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Sonicates or Recombinant Proteins

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1348-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Pachner ◽  
D. Dail ◽  
L. Li ◽  
L. Gurey ◽  
S. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune

ABSTRACT The immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is complex. We studied the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody response to N40Br, a sensu stricto strain, in the rhesus macaque(nonhuman primate [NHP]) model of infection to identify the spirochetal protein targets of specific antibody. Antigens used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were whole-cell sonicates of the spirochete and recombinant proteins of B. burgdorferi. Immunoblotting with a commercially available strip and subsequent quantitative densitometry of the bands were also used. Sera from four different groups of NHPs were used: immunocompetent, transiently immunosuppressed, extended immunosuppressed, and uninfected. In immunocompetent and transiently immunosuppressed NHPs, there was a strong IgM and IgG response. Major proteins for the early IgM response were P39 and P41 and recombinant BmpA and OspC. Major proteins for the later IgG response were P39, P41, P18, P60, P66, and recombinant BmpA and DbpA. There was no significant response in the NHPs to recombinant OspA or to Arp, a 37-kDa protein that elicits an antibody response during infection in mice. Most antibody responses, except for that to DbpA, were markedly diminished by prolonged dexamethasone treatment. This study supports the hypothesis that recombinant proteins may provide a useful adjunct to current diagnostic testing for Lyme borreliosis.

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