scholarly journals Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as a Natural Strategy in the Control of Necrotic Enteritis and Microbial Homeostasis in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis-Miguel Gomez-Osorio ◽  
Veronica Yepes-Medina ◽  
Anne Ballou ◽  
Manuela Parini ◽  
Roselina Angel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has historically been the most important prophylactic strategy for the control of Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by some Clostridium perfringens toxin types in poultry. During the last five decades, AGPs have also been supplemented in feed to improve body weight gain and feed efficiency as well as to modulate the microbiome (consisting of microbes and their genes both beneficial and potentially harmful) and reduce enteric pathogens, among other benefits. New regulatory requirements and consumer preferences have led to strong interest in natural alternatives to the AGPs for the prevention and control of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens. This interest is not just focused on the direct removal or inhibition of the causative microorganisms but also the improvement of intestinal health and homeostasis using a range of feed additives. A group of promising feed additives is short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFA and MCFA, respectively) and their derivatives. The use of SCFA and MCFA, including butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, has shown strong effects against NE in broilers both at experimental and commercial levels. These fatty acids also benefit intestinal health integrity and homeostasis. Other effects have also been documented, including increases in intestinal angiogenesis and gene expression of tight junctions. Chemical modifications to improve stability and point of release in the intestine have been shown to improve the efficacy of SCFA and MCFA and their derivatives. The aim of this review is to give an overview of SCFA, MCFA and their derivatives, as an alternative to replace AGPs to control the incidence and severity of NE in poultry.

Nutritional and physiological role of medium-chain triglycerides and medium-chain fatty acids in piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zentek ◽  
S. Buchheit-Renko ◽  
F. Ferrara ◽  
W. Vahjen ◽  
A. G. Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractMedium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species and in the oil fraction of several plants, including coconuts, palm kernels and certainCupheaspecies. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and fatty acids are efficiently absorbed and metabolized and are therefore used for piglet nutrition. They may provide instant energy and also have physiological benefits beyond their energetic value contributing to several findings of improved performance in piglet-feeding trials. MCTs are effectively hydrolyzed by gastric and pancreatic lipases in the newborn and suckling young, allowing rapid provision of energy for both enterocytes and intermediary hepatic metabolism. MCFAs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota and have inhibitory effects on bacterial concentrations in the digesta, mainly onSalmonellaand coliforms. However, most studies have been performedin vitroup to now andin vivodata in pigs are still scarce. Effects on the gut-associated and general immune function have been described in several animal species, but they have been less studied in pigs. The addition of up to 8% of a non-esterified MCFA mixture in feed has been described, but due to the sensory properties this can have a negative impact on feed intake. This may be overcome by using MCTs, allowing dietary inclusion rates up to 15%. Feeding sows with diets containing 15% MCTs resulted in a lower mortality of newborns and better development, particularly of underweight piglets. In conclusion, MCFAs and MCTs offer advantages for the improvement of energy supply and performance of piglets and may stabilize the intestinal microbiota, expanding the spectrum of feed additives supporting piglet health in the post-weaning period.

scholarly journals Inhibition of African swine fever virus in liquid and feed by medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol monolaurate

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Jackman ◽  
Astghik Hakobyan ◽  
Hovakim Zakaryan ◽  
Charles C. Elrod
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Glycerol Monolaurate ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background The ongoing African swine fever virus (ASFv) epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority. It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients, along with drinking water, can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv. Thus, it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible, antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed. One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and monoglyceride derivatives, which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria. Results The antiviral activities of selected MCFA, namely caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, and a related monoglyceride, glycerol monolaurate (GML), to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments. Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv. GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms. Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min, as determined by infectious viral titer measurements. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein, which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption. Conclusion Together, the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed, which may help to curb disease transmission.

Spectrum of effects of dietary long-chain fatty acids on rat intestinal glucose and lipid uptake

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2459-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. R. Thomson ◽  
M. Keelan ◽  
M. Garg ◽  
M. T. Clandinin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Isocaloric modification in the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids influences intestinal uptake of actively and passively transported nutrients. This study was undertaken to determine which dietary fatty acid was responsible for these alterations in absorption. Adult female rats were fed isocaloric semisynthetic diets high in palmitic and stearic acids (SFA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), or linolenic acid (LNA). An in vitro technique was used to measure the uptake of varying concentrations of glucose as well as a series of fatty acids and cholesterol. Jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose was highest in rats fed SFA and lowest in those fed LA; ileal glucose uptake was similar in OA, LA, and LNA, but was lowest in SFA. Jejunal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids (8:0–12:0) was higher in OA than in other diet groups; ileal uptake of medium-chain fatty acids was unaffected by diet. Jejunal and ileal uptake of 18:2 was higher in LNA than in SFA or OA; the uptake of the other long-chain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids was unchanged by diet. The ileal but not the jejunal uptake of cholesterol was increased in LA as compared with SFA or OA, and reduced in LNA as compared with LA. These transport changes were not explained by differences in the animals' food consumption, body weight gain, intestinal mass, or mucosal surface area. We postulate that these diet-induced transport alterations may be mediated via changes in brush border membrane phospholipid fatty acyl composition. Thus, intestinal transport of nutrients may be varied by isocaloric changes in the dietary content of individual fatty acids.

scholarly journals The effect of different medium chain fatty acids, calcium butyrate, and salinomycin on performance, nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal tract of chicken of Polish Green Legged Partridge hen

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Perz ◽  
Sebastian Kaczmarek ◽  
Damian Józefiak ◽  
Sebastian Nowaczewski ◽  
Joanna Bogucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Percentage Share ◽  
Fat Digestibility ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the effect of diets supplemented by feed additives, on the growth performance and digestive tract functioning in chicken of green-legged partridge hen (GLPH). Two types of diets were used. The both “low-digestible” (LD) diet characterized by high level of crude fibre and lard, and “high-digestible” (HD) diet characterized by low content of crude fibre and soybean oil were supplemented by different additives such as 0,34% DM (dry matter) salinomycin, 0,30 % DM medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 1,00 % DM calcium butyrate (CB), or 0,85 % DM medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). The experiment was conducted on 960 one-day-old male chickens of GLPH, randomly divided into 10 treatment groups. One group consisted of 12 replications (each with 8 birds). Chickens fed HD diet presented significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) in 15-56 days and also 0-56 days of experiment and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) during whole time (0-56 days) of experiment (P < 0.05). Addition of CB and MCFA did not affect the differences in BWG (15-56; 0-56 days) and FCR (15-56 days) in comparison with the control diet. Significant interaction between the type of diet and additives (P < 0.05) was observed for feed intake (FI) throughout the experiment. The highest FI was found on LD diet with CB. On LD diet, all additives resulted in significantly worse nitrogen retention, however, on HD diet, it was observed only for salinomycin. The additives had no impact on fat digestibility when chickens were fed HD diet. There was significant (P < 0.05) lower-fat digestibility when LD diet with MCT, CB, and MCFA was used. The greatest value of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) was found on HD diet (P < 0.05). The addition of MCT, CB, and MCFA increased the percentage share of ileum, and MCT also significantly increased the percentage share of the liver. The lactic acid bacteria and C. perfringens counts were lower on HD diet (P<0,05). The addition of MCT and CB increased the count of lactic acid bacteria in ceaca (P<0,05). Many interactions between experimental factors in this experiment showed that the efficacy of using different feed additives depends on the type of diet. The results suggest that MCFA may be the most beneficial feed additive for GLPH chicken as an alternative for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP).

scholarly journals Determination of in vitro antibacterial activity of plant oils containing medium-chain fatty acids against Gram-positive pathogenic and gut commensal bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hovorková ◽  
K. Laloučková ◽  
E. Skřivanová
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Increasing antibiotic resistance has led to a ban on antibiotic use in feed additives in the EU. Therefore, new non-antibiotic, pathogen-inhibiting agents are urgently needed. Inhibitory effects of eight plant oils containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) were evaluated against Gram-positive pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. The oils tested were palm, red palm, palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis), coconut (Cocos nucifera), babassu (Attalea speciosa), murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare), and Cuphea oil (Cuphea ignea); the method used was broth microdilution, and the findings were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (80%). Both hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed forms of the oils were tested. MCFA hydrolysis was catalyzed by porcine pancreas lipase. The selective effect of the hydrolyzed forms of tested oils was highly evident. While the hydrolyzed oils were active against all tested bacteria (Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus cecorum, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus), at 0.14–4.5 mg/ml, the same oils did not show any effect on commensal bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.). Tucuma and Cuphea seed oils showed the strongest antibacterial activity. Unhydrolyzed forms of all tested oils exerted no antibacterial effect against any test bacteria. This study, thus, forms a basis for the development of selective inhibitors in animal husbandry.

Enhanced Bioavailability of Curcumin Nanoemulsions Stabilized with Phosphatidylcholine Modified with Medium Chain Fatty Acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica A. Ochoa-Flores ◽  
Josafat A. Hernández-Becerra ◽  
Adriana Cavazos-Garduño ◽  
Ida Soto-Rodríguez ◽  
Maria Guadalupe Sanchez-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Effects of ketogenic diet containing medium-chain fatty acids on serum inflammatory factor and mTOR signaling pathway in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Liu ◽  
Jingwei Huang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Quansheng Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Mtor Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background The ketogenic diet (KD) can promote the anti-inflammatory metabolic state and increase ketone body level in rats. This study was to explore the effects and differences of KD with or without medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on serum inflammatory factors and mTOR pathway in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Results Male SD rats were assigned to five groups: control diet (C), 20% caloric restriction diet (LC), 20% caloric restriction ketogenic diet (containing MCFAs) (LCKD1), 20% caloric restriction ketogenic diet (LCKD2) and 20% caloric restriction foreign ketogenic diet (LCKD3), and fed for 30 d. LC and KD could significantly reduce the body weight of rats; LC and KD containing MCFAs showed anti-inflammatory effects; KD without MCFAs decreased the concentration of mTOR1, while KD containing MCFAs decreased the expression of AMPK, mtor1 and P70sk. Conclusions KD containing MCFAs showed better effects on the mTOR pathway and anti-inflammation than that without MCFAs.

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