scholarly journals Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Comparison of Two Peat Beddings, Wood Pellet, and Straw Pellet

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Mönki ◽  
Markku Saastamoinen ◽  
Ninja Karikoski ◽  
Marianna Norring ◽  
Minna Rajamäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
Neutrophil Percentage ◽  
Equine Asthma ◽  
Bedding Materials ◽  
Tracheal Mucus

The effects of bedding material on air quality are important amongst horses worldwide. Respiratory diseases, especially equine asthma, are highly prevalent with air hygiene playing a major role on the pathophysiology of these diseases. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of four bedding materials on the respiratory signs, tracheal mucus score, and tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in healthy adult horses. The study design was a prospective controlled cross-over study, and the subjects were healthy adult riding school horses (n = 32) from a single stable. Wood pellet, straw pellet, and loosely stored peat (Peat 3) were compared to peat packed in plastic-covered bales (Peat 2). Lower airway endoscopy and sampling (TW and BALF) for cytological examination were performed after each 35-day bedding period. The tracheal mucus scores (P = 0.014) and respiratory rate (P = 0.026) were higher during the straw pellet period compared to the Peat 2 period. The respiratory rate was lower during the wood pellet period compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.004). The TW neutrophil percentage during the straw pellet period was higher compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.0003). The BALF neutrophil percentage was higher during the straw pellet period (P = 0.005) and during the Peat 3 period compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.04). We conclude that baled peat (Peat 2) caused lower neutrophil percentages in the airway samples compared to straw pellet and loosely stored peat (Peat 3). No difference was observed between Peat 2 and wood pellet. The information gained from this study may assist veterinarians and horse owners in selecting appropriate bedding materials, especially for horses with equine asthma.

scholarly journals Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Crossover Study Comparing Peat and Wood Shavings

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Mönki ◽  
Markku Saastamoinen ◽  
Ninja Karikoski ◽  
Minna Rajamäki ◽  
Marja Raekallio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Neutrophil Percentage ◽  
Bedding Materials ◽  
Tracheal Mucus

Bedding materials affect stable air hygiene, and thus the development and exacerbation of equine asthma. There is limited knowledge concerning the effects of different types of bedding material on equine lower airway inflammation. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of bedding materials on respiratory signs, tracheal mucus score, and lower airway cytology in healthy adult horses. The study design was a prospective controlled study, and the subjects were healthy adult riding school horses (n = 32) from a single stable. Wood shavings were compared to peat, which was used as a reference bedding material. Lower airway endoscopy and sampling (tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) for cytological examination were performed after each 35-day bedding period. No difference between bedding periods was observed in the respiratory rate or tracheal mucus score. Tracheal wash neutrophil percentage with the wood shavings was higher compared to the previous (P = 0.040) or following (P = 0.0045) peat period. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage with the wood shavings was higher compared to the following peat period (P < 0.001). We conclude that, between the two bedding materials used in this study, peat caused less neutrophilic lower airway inflammation in horses. The information gained from this study may assist veterinarians and horse owners in selecting bedding materials, especially for horses suffering from equine asthma.

scholarly journals The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Chiara Maria Lo Feudo ◽  
Luca Stucchi ◽  
Elena Alberti ◽  
Giovanni Stancari ◽  
Bianca Conturba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Equine Asthma ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Tracheal Mucus ◽  
Tracheal Bifurcation

Mild-moderate (MEA), severe (SEA) equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are common respiratory disorders in horses. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the role of ultrasonography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of these conditions. Three hundred and three horses were included and divided into SEA, MEA and MEA + EIPH groups, on the basis of history, clinical examination and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cytology; scores were assigned to lung ultrasonography, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), tracheal mucus (TM) and tracheal bifurcation edema (TB). These scores were compared between groups, and their associations with age, BALf cytology, tracheal wash microbiology and between endoscopic and ultrasonographic scores were statistically analyzed. Ultrasonographic scores were higher in the SEA and MEA + EIPH groups and associated with increased BALf neutrophils and hemosiderophages. The PLH score was higher in younger horses affected by MEA and EIPH and associated with increased eosinophils and hemosiderophages. TM and TB scores were greater in older horses affected by SEA, associated with increased neutrophils and inversely correlated with hemosiderophages. Moreover, TM grade was negatively correlated with mast cells. Thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy can provide useful information about the inflammatory status of upper and lower airways in the horse.

A One Health Approach to Simple Liquid Sample Handling for Respiratory Based -Omics Analysis; Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Karagianni ◽  
Samantha L. Eaton ◽  
Dominic Kurian ◽  
Eugenio Cillán-Garcia ◽  
Jonathan Twynam-Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Simple Liquid ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Sequential Screening

Abstract Airway inflammation is highly prevalent in horses, with the majority of non-infectious cases being defined as equine asthma. Currently, cytological analysis of airway derived samples is the principal method of assessing lower airway inflammation. Samples can be obtained by tracheal wash (TW) or by lavage of the lower respiratory tract (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BALF). Although BALF cytology carries significant diagnostic advantages over TW cytology, sample acquisition is invasive, making it prohibitive for routine and sequential-screening of airway health. The aim of this study was to establish a robust protocol to isolate macrophages, protein and RNA for molecular characterisation of TW samples and demonstrate the applicability of sample handling to rodent and human pediatric bronchoalveolar lavage fluid isolates. TW samples provided a good quality and yield of both RNA and protein for downstream transcriptomic/proteomic analyses. The sample handling methodologies were successfully applicable to BALF for rodent and human research. TW samples represent a rich source of airway cells, and molecular analysis to facilitate and study airway inflammation, based on both transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. This study provides a necessary methodological platform for future transcriptomic and/or proteomic studies on equine lower respiratory tract secretions and BALF samples from humans and mice.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine, cytology and IgE allergen in horses with equine asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 109976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanni Hansen ◽  
Nina D. Otten ◽  
Karin Birch ◽  
Kerstin Skovgaard ◽  
Charlotte Hopster-Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Equine Asthma

scholarly journals Lung microbiome and host immune tone in subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with inhaled interferon-γ

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 00008-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Melissa Lesko ◽  
Michelle H. Badri ◽  
Bianca C. Kapoor ◽  
Benjamin G. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Airway Microbiome ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cell Supernatant

Therapies targeting inflammation reveal inconsistent results in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Aerosolised interferon (IFN)-γ has been proposed as a novel therapy. Changes in the host airway microbiome are associated with the inflammatory milieu and may be associated with disease progression. Here, we evaluate whether treatment with aerosolised IFN-γ in IPF impacts either the lower airway microbiome or the host immune phenotype.Patients with IPF who enrolled in an aerosolised IFN-γ trial underwent bronchoscopy at baseline and after 6 months. 16S rRNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was used to evaluate the lung microbiome. Biomarkers were measured by Luminex assay in plasma, BALF and BAL cell supernatant. The compPLS framework was used to evaluate associations between taxa and biomarkers.IFN-γ treatment did not change α or β diversity of the lung microbiome and few taxonomic changes occurred. While none of the biomarkers changed in plasma, there was an increase in IFN-γ and a decrease in Fit-3 ligand, IFN-α2 and interleukin-5 in BAL cell supernatant, and a decrease in tumour necrosis factor-β in BALF. Multiple correlations between microbial taxa common to the oral mucosa and host inflammatory biomarkers were found.These data suggest that the lung microbiome is independently associated with the host immune tone and may have a potential mechanistic role in IPF.

Arsenic methylation by micro-organisms isolated from sheepskin bedding materials

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne R Lehr ◽  
Elena Polishchuk ◽  
Marie-Chantal Delisle ◽  
Catherine Franz ◽  
William R Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Acinetobacter Junii ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Bedding Materials

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with the volatilization of arsenic, antimony or phosphorus compounds from infants' bedding material by micro-organisms, the so-called ‘toxic gas hypothesis’. The volatilization of arsenic by aerobic micro-organisms isolated from new sheepskin bedding material, as well as on material used by a healthy infant and by an infant who perished of SIDS, was examined. Three fungi were isolated from a piece of sheepskin bedding material on which an infant perished of SIDS, which methylated arsenic to form trimethylarsenic(V) species, precursors to volatile trimethylarsine. These three fungi were identified as Scopulariopsis koningii, Fomitopsis pinicola and Penicillium gladioli by their 26S-ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction products. These fungi were not previously known to methylate arsenic. The volatilization of arsenic by these three fungi was then examined. Only P. gladioli volatilized arsenic and only under conditions such that the production of sufficient trimethylarsine to be acutely toxic to an infant is unlikely. S. brevicaulis grew on the sheepskin bedding material and evolved a trace amount of trimethylarsine. Known human pathogens such as Mycobacterium neoaurum and Acinetobacter junii were isolated from used bedding.

scholarly journals Alteration of Inflammatory Mediators in the Upper and Lower Airways under Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia: Preliminary Animal Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jung Lee ◽  
Woon Heo ◽  
Joo Young Kim ◽  
Hyungchul Kim ◽  
Min Jung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Purpose. We hypothesized that CIH may affect the upper airway immune system and aimed to verify whether CIH can induce airway inflammation in a murine obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) model. Methods. C57BL6 male mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (CIH group; 5 ~ 21% FiO2, 120 sec cycles, 12 h/d, n=6) or room air (Sham group, n=6) for up to 4 weeks in identical chambers. Nasal and lung tissues and lavage fluid were collected and analyzed by multiplex assay. Lung lavage fluid was also utilized for FACS analysis to determine eosinophil count. Results. We determined the protein level of 24 different cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators. Among various cytokines, levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 were significantly elevated in nose or lung tissue from the CIH group. In addition, MCP-1 and periostin were elevated in nose and lung tissue and lavage fluid from the CIH group. Conclusions. CIH for 4 weeks altered the levels of inflammatory mediators in both the nose and lungs of mouse model. We suggest that the airway immune system may be deteriorated by CIH and allergic inflammation in the upper or lower airway could be worsened by sleep apnea.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytokines and Mast Cell Proteases Reveals Interferon-γ as a Key Biomarker in Equine Asthma Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane S. Woodrow ◽  
Melissa Hines ◽  
Carla Sommardahl ◽  
Bente Flatland ◽  
Kaori U. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Mast Cell Protease ◽  
Equine Asthma

AbstractNaturally-occurring equine asthma is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by chronic, partially reversible airway obstruction, pulmonary remodeling and lower airway inflammation. The cytokine profiles that distinguish asthma groups or subtypes in horses have not been systematically classified, and mast cell phenotypes, which, in human asthma, correlate with asthma type, lung function, and response to therapy, have not been well-described in horses. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mast cell protease mRNA expression between healthy and asthmatic horses, (2) analyze the cytokine profile present in BALF of currently defined equine asthma groups, and (3) use these data to evaluate potential biomarkers of defined asthma groups. Mast cell protease gene expression and select cytokine gene expression in cells isolated from BALF, and BALF multiplex cytokine assays were performed. Multidimensional analysis demonstrated that IFNγ differentiates severe from moderate asthma, and that TNFα and CXCL8 are key biomarkers of equine asthma subtype. Expression of chymase mRNA, a mast cell-specific protease, was significantly decreased in horses with mastocytic asthma. These results will help further define EAS immunopathology, which could improve understanding and definitions of asthma groups, while also potentially identify novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals A comparative study between using of Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine combinations as anaesthetic program in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
S. A. A. Al-Redah
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anaesthetic Drug ◽  
Group D ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The present study was designed to compare the efficacy for using of the two anesthetics combinations (Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine). The effect of combinations on the length of surgical anesthesia, degree of flank analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were assayed in sheep.The experiment was conducted on ten apparently healthy adult sheep of either sex weighting (24-33kg). Sheep were divided in two equal groups, Diazepam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine (10mg/kg BW) group (D+K), Midazolam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine 10mg/kg BW group (M+K), was used by intramuscular injection, benzodiazepine derivative (diazepam or midazolam) injected first and then followed by ketamine 10minutes later.The following parameter were recorded at 3minutes before injection of drug and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes (min.) respectively after administration of anaesthetic drug (Rectal Temperature , Respiratory Rate , Heart Rate , Degree of Analgesia , Degree of Muscle relaxation), the induction time, surgical anaesthesia and recovery time also were recorded.The experiment showed that the anaesthesia with Midazolam + Ketamine combination in sheep was suitable compared with Diazepam + Ketamine as it produced reliable surgical anaesthesia, good analgesia and muscle relaxation.

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