scholarly journals Human Anelloviruses: Prevalence and Clinical Significance During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekara Kyathanahalli ◽  
Madeline Snedden ◽  
Emmet Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Vaginal Secretions ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
In Pregnancy

Although the bacterial microbiota of various compartments (e.g. vagina, amniotic fluid, and placenta) have been studied in pregnancy, there has been far less emphasis on normal and pathological viral communities. Cumulative evidence shows the presence of a number of apathogenic viruses in various tissues of healthy people, including pregnant individuals. What role, if any, these viruses play in human physiology is unknown. Anelloviruses (family Anelloviridae) are circular, single-stranded DNA viruses commonly detected with high prevalence in vertebrate hosts, including primates. Humans are nearly always colonized with at least 1 of 3 anellovirus subtypes, namely Alphatorquevirus (torque teno virus, TTV), Betatorquevirus (torque teno midi virus, TTMDV), and Gammatorquevirus (torque teno mini virus, TTMV). In healthy pregnant people, the prototype anellovirus, TTV, has been found in maternal and (variably) fetal blood, amniotic fluid, cervical and vaginal secretions, breast milk, and saliva. Nonetheless, the relevance of human anelloviruses in pregnancy and labor is unclear. There is evidence suggesting a link between anellovirus colonization and preterm birth. In this review, we discuss what is known about this family of commensal viruses in health and disease, and specifically the roles they might play during pregnancy and in the timing of delivery.

Schistosomal Appendicitis in Pregnancy

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halkic ◽  
Abdelmoumene ◽  
Gintzburger ◽  
Mosimann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Surgical Infection ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Potential Challenge ◽  
In Pregnancy

Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical infection during pregnancy. Although usually pyogenic in origin, parasitic infections account for a small percentage of cases. Despite the relatively high prevalence of acute appendicitis in our environment, it is not commonly associated with schistosomiasis. We report here the association of pregnancy and appendicitis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis is very common complication of pregnancy in hyperendemic areas. Schistosome egg masses can lodge throughout the body and cause acute inflammation of the appendix, liver and spleen. Congestion of pelvic vessels during pregnancy facilitates passage of eggs into the villi and intervillous spaces, causing an inflammatory reaction. Tourism and immigration make this disease a potential challenge for practitioners everywhere.

scholarly journals The Adrenal Gland: Central Relay in Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 81-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reincke ◽  
Felix Beuschlein ◽  
Stefan Bornstein ◽  
Graeme Eisenhofer ◽  
Martin Fassnacht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
General Practitioner ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health And Disease

Diseases of the adrenal gland are as important for the general practitioner as for the endocrine specialist. The high prevalence of some adrenal endocrinopathies, such as adrenal incidentalomas (1–2% of the population) and primary aldosteronism (6% of hypertensives), which affect millions of patients, makes adrenal diseases a relevant health issue. The high morbidity and mortality of some of the rarer adrenal diseases, i. e., Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome (Table 1), make early detection and appropriate treatment such a challenge for the health care system.

scholarly journals LB20. Valacyclovir to Prevent Vertical Transmission of Cytomegalovirus After Maternal Primary Infection During Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S1002-S1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Shahar-Nissan ◽  
Joseph Pardo ◽  
Orit Peled ◽  
Irit Krause ◽  
Efraim Bilavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection in humans. The highest risk of fetal injury follows a maternal primary infection early in pregnancy. Despite the potential for severe fetal injury, to date there are no proven means to prevent viral transmission. Valacyclovir is an antiviral drug proven effective in decreasing the risk for CMV infection among transplant recipients. Valacyclovir is safe for use in pregnancy, and concentrates in the amniotic fluid without accumulating. A dose of 8 g/day creates therapeutic drug levels in the amniotic fluid and fetal blood. Methods This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comprising pregnant women with serologic evidence of primary CMV infection during the periconceptional period and first trimester. After informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group (8 g/day of Valacyclovir) or control group (placebo). Treatment was initiated at the time of serological detection, and continued until amniocentesis. The primary endpoint was the rate of vertical transmission of CMV—determined by amniotic fluid CMV PCR. Secondary endpoints included evidence of symptomatic congenital CMV infection—in utero or postnatally. Results One hundred women were recruited, 90 were included in the data analysis; 45 patients received Valacyclovir and 45 placebo. There were 2 twin pregnancies, and therefore 92 amniocentesis Amongst the Valacyclovir group, 5 (11.1%) amniocentesis were positive for CMV, compared with 14 (29.8%) in the placebo group (P GLMM = 0.03), corresponding with an odds ratio of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.09–0.90) for vertical CMV transmission. Amongst patients infected during the first trimester, a positive amniocentesis for CMV was significantly (P = 0.02) less likely in the Valacyclovir arm (2/19) compared with placebo (11/23). No significant differences (P = 0.91) in CMV-positive amniocentesis were observed between study arms amongst patients infected periconceptionally. Conclusion Valacyclovir at a dose of 8 g/day is effective in reducing the rate of fetal CMV infection following early maternal primary infection during pregnancy. The drug reduces the rate of fetal infection by 71%. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Evidence of bacterial DNA presence in chorionic villi and amniotic fluid in the first and second trimester of pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Campisciano ◽  
Mariachiara Quadrifoglio ◽  
Manola Comar ◽  
Francesco De Seta ◽  
Nunzia Zanotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Chorionic Villus ◽  
Chorionic Villus Sampling ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Uncomplicated Pregnancy ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Sequencing Method ◽  
V3 Region

The sterile-womb dogma in uncomplicated pregnancy has been lively debated. Data regarding the in utero microbiome environment are based mainly on studies performed at the time of delivery. Aim: To determine whether human placenta and amniotic fluid are populated by a bacterial microbiota in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Materials & methods: We analyzed by next-generation sequencing method 24 and 29 samples from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AC), respectively. The V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Results: 37.5% of CVS and 14% of AC samples showed the presence of bacterial DNA. Conclusion: Our study suggests that bacterial DNA can be identified in the placenta and amniotic fluid during early prenatal life.

scholarly journals A previously undescribed highly prevalent phage identified in a Danish enteric virome catalogue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lore Van Espen ◽  
Emilie Glad Bak ◽  
Leen Beller ◽  
Lila Close ◽  
Ward Deboutte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Paediatric Cohort ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Wet Lab ◽  
Public Datasets

Abstract Background: Gut viruses are important players in the complex human gut microbial ecosystem. Recently, the number of human gut virome studies is steadily increasing, however we are still only scratching the surface of the immense viral diversity as many wet lab and bio-informatics challenges remain. In this study, 254 virus-enriched faecal metagenomes from 204 Danish subjects were used to generate a Danish Enteric Virome Catalogue (DEVoC) of 12,986 non-redundant viral genome sequences encoding 190,029 viral genes, which formed 67,921 orthologous groups. The DEVoC was used to characterize the composition of the healthy DEVoC gut viromes from 46 children and adolescents (6-18 years old) and 45 adults (40 -73 years old).Results: The majority of DEVoC viral sequences (67.3 %) and proteins (61.6 %) were not present in other (human gut) viral genome databases. Gut viromes of healthy Danish subjects mostly consisted of phages. While 39 phage genomes (PGs) were present in more than 10 healthy subjects, the degree of viral individuality was high. Among the 39 prevalent PGs, one was significantly more prevalent in the paediatric cohort, whereas two were more prevalent in adults. In 1,880 gut virome samples of 27 studies from across the world, the 39 prevalent PGs reveal several age-, geography- and disease-related prevalence patterns. Two PGs also showed a remarkably high prevalence worldwide – a crAss-like phage (20.6% prevalence), belonging to the tentative AlphacrAssvirinae subfamily, genus I; and a previously undescribed circular temperate phage (14.4% prevalence), named LoVEphage (because it encodes Lots of Viral Elements). A de novo assembly of selected public datasets generated an additional 18 circular LoVEphage-like genomes (67.9-72.4 kb). CRISPR spacer analysis suggested Bacteroides as a host genus for the LoVEphage, and a closely related prophage was identified in Bacteroides dorei, further confirming the host.Conclusions: The DEVoC, the largest human gut virome catalogue generated from consistently processed faecal samples, facilitated analysis of healthy Danish human gut viromes and we foresee that it will benefit future analysis on the roles of gut viruses in human health and disease. The identification of a previously undescribed prevalent phage illustrates the usefulness of developing a virome catalogue.

scholarly journals Amniotic Fluid Embolism- A Catastrophic Syndrome in Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (40) ◽  
pp. 3050-3051
Author(s):  
Swati M. Patel ◽  
Kunur Shah ◽  
Mukesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Embolism ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Fecal Viral Diversity of Captive and Wild Tasmanian Devils Characterized Using Virion-Enriched Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Chong ◽  
Mang Shi ◽  
Catherine E. Grueber ◽  
Edward C. Holmes ◽  
Carolyn J. Hogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus ◽  
Viral Diversity ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
Devil Facial Tumor Disease

ABSTRACT The Tasmanian devil is an endangered carnivorous marsupial threatened by devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). While research on DFTD has been extensive, little is known about viruses in devils and whether any are of potential conservation relevance for this endangered species. Using both metagenomics based on virion enrichment and sequence-independent amplification (virion-enriched metagenomics) and metatranscriptomics based on bulk RNA sequencing, we characterized and compared the fecal viromes of captive and wild devils. A total of 54 fecal samples collected from two captive and four wild populations were processed for virome characterization using both approaches. In total, 24 novel marsupial-related viruses, comprising a sapelovirus, astroviruses, rotaviruses, picobirnaviruses, parvoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and a gammaherpesvirus, were identified, as well as known mammalian pathogens such as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2. Captive devils showed significantly lower viral diversity than wild devils. Comparison of the two virus discovery approaches revealed substantial differences in the number and types of viruses detected, with metatranscriptomics better suited for RNA viruses and virion-enriched metagenomics largely identifying more DNA viruses. Thus, the viral communities revealed by virion-enriched metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were not interchangeable and neither approach was able to detect all viruses present. An integrated approach using both virion-enriched metagenomics and metatranscriptomics constitutes a powerful tool for obtaining a complete overview of both the taxonomic and functional profiles of viral communities within a sample. IMPORTANCE The Tasmanian devil is an iconic Australian marsupial that has suffered an 80% population decline due to a contagious cancer, devil facial tumor disease, along with other threats. Until now, viral discovery in this species has been confined to one gammaherpesvirus (dasyurid herpesvirus 2 [DaHV-2]), for which captivity was identified as a significant risk factor. Our discovery of 24 novel marsupial-associated RNA and DNA viruses, and that viral diversity is lower in captive than in wild devils, has greatly expanded our knowledge of gut-associated viruses in devils and provides important baseline information that will contribute to the conservation and captive management of this endangered species. Our results also revealed that a combination of virion-enriched metagenomics and metatranscriptomics may be a more comprehensive approach for virome characterization than either method alone. Our results thus provide a springboard for continuous improvements in the way we study complex viral communities.

LIF analysis of cervical mucus and amniotic fluid for maturity monitoring in pregnancy

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelija Vaitkuviene ◽  
Egidijus Auksorius ◽  
Diana Ramasauskaite ◽  
Ale Smilgeviciute ◽  
Oldas Tamasauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Perspectives and experiences of collecting antenatal colostrum in women who have had diabetes during pregnancy: a North Queensland semistructured interview study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e021513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Rita Rose Casey ◽  
Erin Louise Mogg ◽  
Jennifer Banks ◽  
Kathleen Braniff ◽  
Clare Heal
Keyword(s):  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Diabetes In Pregnancy ◽  
Previous Pregnancy ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Antenatal Period ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
Early Relationships ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectivesTo explore and describe the experiences and perspectives of collecting and storing colostrum in the antenatal period in women who have had diabetes in pregnancy.DesignFace-to-face, semistructured interviews analysed with purposive sampling and thematic analysis.SettingA regional hospital in North Queensland with a high prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy.ParticipantsSix women with a previous pregnancy complicated by diabetes who were advised to collect and store colostrum in pregnancy.ResultsSix themes were identified: wariness of medicalisation (adjusting to an ‘abnormal’ pregnancy, seeking continuity of care, determination to reduce formula, fear of invasive intervention); underlying altruism (providing the best for baby, preparing for complications, eager for milk donation); internal pressure to succeed (coping with confronting information, disheartened by failures, constant fear of insufficient supply, overwhelming guilt, concern for future breastfeeding success); self-management and ownership (adapting to awkwardness, developing strategies for success, actively seeking education, gaining confidence to request help, accepting personal limitations); frustrated by waste (encroaching on time, squandering a precious resource, ambiguous about necessity) and building fortitude for motherhood (physically preparing for breast feeding, symbolic of the imminent infant, establishing early relationships with supports, approaching challenges with realistic optimism).ConclusionWomen with diabetes in pregnancy experience guilt and stress about the added risk of hypoglycaemia to their babies and strive to provide the best for their babies by collecting and storing colostrum, even if this leads to distress to themselves. It is crucial that these women be provided accurate, realistic advice about the benefits and disadvantages of collecting colostrum in the antenatal period.

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