scholarly journals Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) essential oil from tipaza (Algeria): in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in experimental animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Sarah Kehili ◽  
Mohamed Amine Boukhatem ◽  
Asma Belkadi ◽  
Faiza Boulaghmen ◽  
Mohamed Amine Ferhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Introduction Although analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually used to treat a diversity of illnesses, their administration is linked with acute kidney injury and gastrointestinal side effects. The research of new biomolecules and natural products is still needed such as medicinal plants. Aims The present research was aimed to investigate, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of spearmint essential oil (SEO) in mouse models of acute inflammation and pain. Materials and Method Chemical analysis of SEO was done by gas chromatography. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using two models of acute inflammation namely carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema. Histological examination of both non-inflamed and inflamed tissues was evaluated. The anti-nociceptive activity was tested using the pain model induced by acetic acid. Results The main constituent of the SEO was found to be carvone (52.60%). The SEO exhibited a promising anti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by statistically significant (p<0.05) inhibition of paw volume by 77.24% at the dose of 20 µL/kg and 65.87% at the dose of 200 µL/kg. Furthermore, topical administration of the SEO inhibited xylene-induced ear edema in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). The higher dose (200 µL /kg) significantly (p<0.001) reduced xylene-induced ear edema which was similar to that observed with positive control (ketoprofen). The pathological analysis of the paws and ears revealed that SEO was capable of reducing cellular infiltration and subcutaneous edema. Else, the SEO produced significant anti-nociceptive activity (p<0.001) at higher dose by inhibiting spontaneous nociception. Conclusion These results support the use of SEO in the development of pharmaceuticals for the management of inflammation and pain.

scholarly journals Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lavender essential oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1397-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
GABRIELA L. DA SILVA ◽  
CAROLINA LUFT ◽  
ADROALDO LUNARDELLI ◽  
ROBSON H. AMARAL ◽  
DENIZAR A. DA SILVA MELO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Croton Oil ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent

Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of compounds found in the lavender essential oil (LEO), however to date, there is still lack of substantial data. The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of lavender essential oil. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical decolorization assay was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using two models of acute inflammation: carrageenan-induced pleurisy and croton oil-induced ear edema. The antinociceptive activity was tested using the pain model induced by formalin. LEO has antioxidant activity, which is dose-dependent response. The inflammatory response evoked by carrageenan and by croton oil was reduced through the pre-treatment of animals with LEO. In the pleurisy model, the drug used as positive control, dexamethasone, was more efficacious. However, in the ear swelling, the antiedematogenic effect of the oil was similar to that observed for dexamethasone. In the formalin test, LEO consistently inhibited spontaneous nociception and presented a similar effect to that of tramadol. The results of this study reveal (in vivo) the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of LEO and demonstrates its important therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals An Explanation of the Underlying Mechanisms for the In Vitro and In Vivo Antiurolithic Activity of Glechoma longituba

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liang ◽  
Xiaoran Li ◽  
Wangning Zhou ◽  
Yu Su ◽  
Shenbao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Potassium Citrate ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Glechoma Longituba

Purpose. To use in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate Glechoma longituba extract to provide scientific evidence for this extract’s antiurolithic activity. Materials and Methods. Potassium citrate was used as a positive control group. Oxidative stress (OS) markers and the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were measured to assess the protective effects of Glechoma longituba. Multiple urolithiasis-related biochemical parameters were evaluated in urine and serum. Kidneys were harvested for histological examination and the assessment of crystal deposits. Results. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that treatment with Glechoma longituba extract significantly decreased calcium oxalate- (CaOx-) induced OPN expression, KIM-1 expression, and OS compared with the positive control group (P<0.05). Additionally, in vivo rats that received Glechoma longituba extract exhibited significantly decreased CaOx deposits and pathological alterations (P<0.05) compared with urolithic rats. Significantly lower levels of oxalate, creatinine, and urea and increased citrate levels were observed among rats that received Glechoma longituba (P<0.05) compared with urolithic rats. Conclusion. Glechoma longituba has antiurolithic effects due to its possible combined effects of increasing antioxidant levels, decreasing urinary stone-forming constituents and urolithiasis-related protein expression, and elevating urinary citrate levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Flavonoids from French Marigold (Florets ofTagetes patulaL.) on Acute Inflammation Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Yasukawa ◽  
Yoshimasa Kasahara
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Inflammation Model ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The major components patuletin and patulitrin were isolated from French marigold (florets ofTagetes patula). Patuletin and patulitrin were found to inhibit acute inflammation in mice. Oral administration of patuletin and patulitrin significantly suppressed hind-paw edema induced by carrageenin and histamine, while topical application of patuletin and patulitrin significantly inhibited ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and arachidonic acid. Thus, oral and topical administration of patuletin and patulitrin inhibited acute inflammation in mice. These results suggest the anti-inflammatory efficacy of French marigold.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory Activity of Piperlotines

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
OscarAbelardo Ramírez-Marroquín ◽  
María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes ◽  
Julieta Luna-Herrera ◽  
José Luis Olivares-Romero ◽  
Israel Bonilla-Landa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Antimycobacterial Activity ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Valuable Compounds

Abstract. In the present study we evaluated six α,β-unsaturated amides named piperlotines (for being isolated originally from Piper species) as new in vivo anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, we report the mechanosynthesis of two of them by mechanochemical activation of a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The reaction of β-amidophosphonate 4, an aromatic aldehyde and K2CO3 under grinding in a mortar and pestle afforded piperlotines 5-6 in good yields (70-88%) in short reaction times, obtaining only (E)-diastereomer. Piperlotines previously prepared were tested as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. In this respect, derivatives 2 and 6 exhibited excellent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on mice, especially trough topical administration (TPA acute inflammation model). Furthermore, piperlotine A, and compounds 2 and 6 had slight antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 50 µg/mL). In conclusion, the solvent-free mechanosynthesis of piperlotines produced valuable compounds that could serve as templates for further investigation in the search of better drug-like compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.   Resumen. En la presente investigación se evaluó la actividad anti-inflamatoria in vivo de seis amidas α,β-insaturadas, identificadas en la literatura como piperlotinas debido a su inicial aislamiento a partir de especies vegetales del género Piper (como las pimientas). La reacción del β-amidofosfonato 4 con un aldehído aromático y K2CO3 en molienda con mortero y pistilo produjo las piperlotinas 5-6 con buenos rendimientos (70-80%) en tiempos cortos de reacción, obteniendo solamente el diastereoisómero (E). Las piperlotinas preparadas se evaluaron como agentes anti-inflamatorios y antibacterianos, observando excelente actividad anti-inflamatoria para los derivados 2 y 6, especialmente cuando se probaron mediante administración tópica (modelo de inflamación aguda por TPA). Además, la piperlotina A y los derivados 2 y 6 mostraron actividad antibacteriana contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 50 µg/mL). En conclusión, la síntesis de piperlotinas a través de molienda en condiciones libres de disolvente generó importantes productos que pueden ser utilizados como punto de partida para generar nuevos compuestos bioactivos para el tratamiento de padecimientos relacionados con la inflamación.

The Essential Oil of the Fruits of Ferula stenocarpa Boiss. & Hausskn: Powerful Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shafaroodi ◽  
J. Asgarpanah ◽  
J. Asgarpanah
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Central Pain ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Analgesic Activities

Ferula stenocarpa is an aromatic herb whose fruits are widely used in Persian traditional medicine as a painkiller and to relive inflammation-based disorders. Considering the higher content of essential oil in the fruits, the oil’s anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were investigated in an animal model in vivo. The analgesic effect of Ferula stenocarpa fruits essential oil was evaluated via testing the writhing triggered by acetic acid examination and hot plate technique. Moreover, the acute anti-inflammatory effects were studied through the paw edema triggered in mice. Using 20 and 40 mg/kg of the oil revealed an analgesic impact considering the increment in the reaction time needed for the hot plate approach. Furthermore, all examined doses of the oil caused a reduction in the frequency of writhes in the mice. It was observed that the oil (40 mg/kg) followed by 10 and 20 mg/kg caused inflammatory reduction. The findings indicated that the oil may possess significant activities against acute inflammation. It had both peripheral and central pain-killing impacts. α-Pinene (43.1%) and β-pinene (22.9%) as the main constituents of the oil, can be considered as the responsible compounds to manage inflammation and pain.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Water Extract of Galla Chinensis In Vivo Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Sun ◽  
Xu Song ◽  
RenYong Jia ◽  
Zhongqiong Yin ◽  
Yuanfeng Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Aim. Pain and inflammation are associated with many diseases in humans and animals. Galla Chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, has a variety of pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Galla Chinensis through different animal models. Method. The analgesic activities were evaluated by hot-plate and writhing tests. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by ear edema, capillary permeability, and paw edema tests. The contents of cytokines (NO, iNOS, PGE2, and IL-10) in serum of rats in paw edema test were inspected by ELISA assays. Results. In the hot-plate test, Galla Chinensis could significantly extend pain threshold when compared to control group. The inhibitory rates of writhes ranged from 36.62% to 68.57% in Galla Chinensis-treated mice. Treatment with Galla Chinensis (1 and 0.5 g/kg) could significantly inhibit ear edema (47.45 and 36.91%, resp.; P < 0.01). Galla Chinensis (1 g/kg) had significant (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in capillary permeability test (29.04%). In carrageenan-induced edema test, the inhibitory rates were 43.71% and 44.07% (P < 0.01) at 1 h and 2 h after administration of Galla Chinensis (1 g/kg), respectively, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced. Conclusion. These results suggest that Galla Chinensis has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which may be a candidate drug for the treatment of inflammation and pain.

Glutaryl Melatonin Niosome Gel for Topical Oral Mucositis: Anti- Inflammatory and Anticandidiasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Teerasak Damrongrungruang ◽  
Panjaree Panpitakkul ◽  
Jirachaya Somudorn ◽  
Pimpitchaya Sangchart ◽  
Pramote Mahakunakorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucositis ◽  
Fluocinolone Acetonide ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Nonsignificant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Glutaryl melatonin, which is synthesized from melatonin and is a pineal glandderived neurohormone with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, was comparatively investigated for its potential use as a topical anti-inflammatory agent. Objective: Glutaryl melatonin, synthesized and screened for in vitro anti-candidiasis and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, was formulated as a niosome gel for topical oral evaluation in 5- fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in mice. Methods: In vitro anti-fungal activity in Candida albicans, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in Escherichia coli liposaccharide-induced RAW cells and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using a croton oilinduced ear edema model in ICR mice were investigated. Mucositis in mice (n= 6/group, 10-week-old mice) was induced by intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil, and the mice were subjected to a topical oral application of niosome gel containing melatonin (2% w/w) or glutaryl melatonin (2% w/w) and were compared with mice subjected to blank, fluocinolone acetonide (0.5% w/w) and control conditions. Results: Glutaryl melatonin, at a 14.2 mM concentration, showed the highest fungicidal effect on C. albicans using the broth dilution method, indicating a nonsignificant difference from 1 μM of nystatin (p = 0.05). Nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factors were analyzed by ELISA. Liposaccharide-induced RAW cells were significantly reduced by glutaryl melatonin (p < 0.01). Ear edema inhibition of glutaryl melatonin was significant 1 h after application compared with that of melatonin (p = 0.03). Food consumption and body weight of the 5-fluorouracil-treated mice were significantly lower than those of the normal mice before all treatments (p < 0.05). Differences in the amount of licking behavior, which were observed in the control group for 5 min, were noticeable in the 5- fluorouracil-treated mice but not in the mice treated with the glutaryl melatonin niosome gel. Conclusion: Glutaryl melatonin exhibited mild anti-candidiasis and anti-inflammatory properties. The incorporation of glutaryl melatonin in a niosome gel formulation, demonstrated the potential for topical oral applications to reduce oral discomfort caused by 5-fluorouracil treatment in mice.

scholarly journals Effect of Gooseberry (Physalis angulata) Ethanol Extract in Wistar Rats Carrageenan-Induced Paw Oedema

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami Nurlatifah ◽  
Eka Hendryanny ◽  
Yuniarti Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Test Group ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Edema Inhibition

Gooseberry is an herbaceous plant that contains flavonoids. Flavonoid is one of the secondary metabolites that have an anti-inflammatory effect. This study aims to determine the effect of using ethanol extract of gooseberry as an anti-inflammatory in carrageenan-induced paw edema. This study was in vivo experimental laboratory using a completely randomized design of 25 Wistar rats and divided into five groups. The negative control group was given carboxymethylcellulose. The positive control group has given diclofenac sodium 27 mg/200 gBW. The sample test group has given ethanol extract of gooseberry with 3.6 mg/200 gBW, 5.4 mg/200 gBW, and 7.2 mg/200 gBW dosage. Paw rat’s inflammation induced by injecting carrageenan and measured from 1st to 6th hour using a pletismometer. This study has conducted at Pharmacology Laboratory, Universitas Islam Bandung, and the Laboratory of Therapy and Pharmacology, Universitas Padjajaran, from June to September 2019. The result of average edema volume paw rats using the Kruskal-Wallis test on the 6th hour was p=0.02 (p<0.05). The Mann-Whitney test was p<0.05, showing differences between negative control and positive control and sample test groups. One-way ANOVA test on the percentage of edema inhibition between positive control and sample test group had p=0.107. It shows no significant difference. An effect of ethanol of extract of gooseberries as an anti-inflammatory with the highest percentage of edema inhibition is 5.4 mg/200 gBW dosage. The flavonoid content in gooseberries is thought to inhibit the formation of prostaglandins by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of gooseberry can be anti-inflammatory. EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL CIPLUKAN (PHYSALIS ANGULATA) TERHADAP EDEMA TELAPAK KAKI TIKUS GALUR WISTAR YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENANCiplukan adalah tanaman herbal yang mengandung flavonoid. Flavonoid merupakan salah satu metabolit sekunder yang dapat memberikan efek antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan ekstrak etanol ciplukan sebagai antiinflamasi pada tikus yang diinduksi karagenan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian laboratorium eksperimental in vivo menggunakan desain rancangan acak lengkap pada 25 ekor tikus galur Wistar yang terbagi ke dalam lima kelompok. Kelompok kontrol negatif diberi carboxymethilcellulose. Kontrol positif diberi sodium diklofenak 27 mg/200 gBB. Kelompok uji diberi ekstrak etanol ciplukan dengan dosis 3,6 mg/200 gBB; 5,4 mg/200 gBB; dan 7,2 mg/200 gBB. Induksi inflamasi dilakukan dengan menginjeksikan karagenan pada telapak kaki tikus, lalu diukur menggunakan pletismometer dari jam ke-1 hingga jam ke-6. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmasi, Universitas Islam Bandung dan Laboratorium Farmasi dan Terapi, Universitas Padjajaran dari bulan Juni hingga September 2019. Volume rerata telapak kaki tikus pada jam ke-6 menggunakan Uji Kruskal-Wallis adalah p=0,02 (p<0,05). Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney diperoleh p<0,05 yang menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kontrol negatif dan kontrol positif serta kelompok uji. Uji one-way ANOVA pada persentase penghambatan edema antara kontrol positif dan kelompok uji diperoleh p=0,107 yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna. Terdapat pengaruh ekstrak etanol ciplukan sebagai antiinflamasi dengan persentase penghambatan edema tertinggi pada dosis 5,4 mg/200 gBB. Kandungan flavonoid pada ciplukan diduga mampu menghambat pembentukan prostaglandin dengan menginhibisi enzim siklooksigenase. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol ciplukan dapat digunakan sebagai antiinflamasi.

scholarly journals Quantitative screening of phytochemicals and pharmacological attributions of the leaves and stem barks of Macropanax dispermus (Araliaceae) in treating the inflammation and arthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Syeda Rubaiya Afrin ◽  
Mohammad Rashedul Islam ◽  
Nawreen Monir Proma ◽  
Mahabuba Khanam Shorna ◽  
Sumaiya Akbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Quantitative Screening ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Introduction: Inflammation is a major cause of arthritis. Since the conventional medicines used for the treatment of this disease have many side effects, herbal remedies can be proved to be effective in this case. So, the present study was aimed at investigating the quantitative detection of phytochemicals, screening of in vivo anti-inflammatory and the possible anti-arthritic activities of the crude methanol extracts of a traditional medicinal plant Macropanax dispermus leaves (MDML) and stem barks (MDMS). Methods: Quantitative screening of phytochemical constituents was analyzed by standard procedures. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was conducted on Swiss albino mice by using carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema tests, and xylene-induced ear edema test. The possible anti-arthritic activity was done by evaluating the in vitro inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation. Results: The current research showed that MDML contained a considerable amount of flavonoids and alkaloids, and MDMS contained a considerable amount of phenols. MDMS (200, 400 mg/kg) was observed to be an effective and significant (P < 0.001) peripheral anti-inflammatory agent in carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema tests, whereas MDML (400 mg/kg) was observed to have an effective and significant (P < 0.001) neurogenic anti-inflammatory effect in xylene-induced ear edema test as compared to the negative control group. MDMS was observed to be an effective anti-arthritic agent as compared to that of the negative control group. All those effects were dose and concentration-dependent.Conclusion: The present research proved that MDML and MDMS were effective medications for the treatment of inflammation and arthritis.

scholarly journals Biological Evaluation of Azetidine-2-One Derivatives of Ferulic Acid as Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Maria Drăgan ◽  
Cătălina Daniela Stan ◽  
Andreea Teodora Iacob ◽  
Oana Maria Dragostin ◽  
Mihaela Boancă ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammation Model ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Derivatives Of

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo biological potential of new azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid (6a–f). First, the in vivo acute toxicity of azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid on Swiss white mice was investigated and, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the studied derivatives belong to compounds with moderate toxicity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of these derivatives was determined in a model of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats and in a chronic inflammation model induced in rats using the granuloma test. In the acute inflammation model, all the studied compounds had a maximum anti-inflammatory effect 24 h after administration, which suggests that these compounds may be classified, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, in the category of long-acting compounds. The most active compound in the series was found to be compound 6b. In the case of the chronic inflammation model, it was observed that the studied compounds (6a–f) reduced the formation of granulation tissue compared to the control group, having an intense effect of inhibiting the proliferative component. The most important inhibitory effect of inhibiting the proliferative component was recorded for compound 6b. Additionally, the investigation of liver function was performed by determining the serum levels of liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin (total and direct). The results showed that, in the series of azetidin-2-one derivatives, the liver enzymes concentration values were close to those recorded for the reference anti-inflammatories (diclofenac sodium and indomethacin) and slightly higher compared to the values for the healthy control group. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and fragments of liver, lung, and kidney tissue were taken from all groups in the study. These were processed for histopathological examination, and we noticed no major changes in the groups treated with the azetidine 2-one derivatives of ferulic acid compared to the healthy groups.

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