Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Echinometra mathaei pada Tikus Putih Jantan dengan Induksi Karaginan

Sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) is one of the marine biota that contains high flavonoid and phenolic compounds that are potent as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aimed to measure the anti-inflammatory activity of the 70% ethanol extract of sea urchins in male white rats induced by carrageenan. Anti-inflammatory activity test using 5 groups of rats selected randomly, each group consists of 5 rats. Negative control group, positive control group, and 3 groups of extracts (doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kgBW). Each group was induced using 1% carrageenan subplantarly and the volume of edema was measured using a mercury plethysmometer every 30 minutes for 3 hours. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way Anova. The results showed that the percentage of inflammatory inhibition in the positive control group, and the Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract group (dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/KgBW) showed a significant difference (P0.05) with the negative control group with a percentage value of Inflammation inhibition was 61.11%, 85.19%, 85.19%, and 74.07%, respectively. The administration of sea urchin ethanol extract at all doses had a higher percentage of anti-inflammatory than diclofenac sodium, but increasing the extract dose did not significant increase inflammatory inhibition. This research concluded that 70% ethanol extract of Echinometra mathaei at doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/KgBW has strong anti-inflammatory activity potential.

Protective effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Rattus norvegicus Ischemic Stroke Model

Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in all ages. Ischemic stroke activates excitotoxic glutamate cascade leading to brain tissue injury. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a unicellular yeast widely found in nature. S. cerevisiae is neuroprotective and able to increase the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into neuronal cells. it may increase levels of neuroprotectant BDNF in the brain tissue, therefore increase the protection of neurons. BDNF may prevent glutamate-driven excitotoxicity by reducing glutamate levels. This study uses a randomized post-test only controlled group design. In this in vivo study, rodent models of ischemic stroke were divided into five groups comprising of the negative control group, positive control group, intervention group 1 (18mg/kgBW), intervention group 2 (36mg/kgBW) and intervention group 3 (72 mg/kgBW). Groups treated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract showed significantly increased BDNF levels in the brain tissue, and the expression of the glutamate level was significantly reduced (P <0.05) compared to the positive control group. Thus Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a promising potential to become a therapy against ischemic stroke disease. however further research is needed regarding the efficacy and toxicity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Effect of New Thalidomide Analogs in Acute Kidney Injury on Rats

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury contains multiple mechanisms involving an excessive amount of ROS that causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and rapid kidney dysfunction. This work aimed to study the ability of thalixisostere 3f on angiogenesis and antioxidant effect in I/R. There was a significant decrease in VEGF from thalix and modified thalixisostere 3f groups as compared with that of a negative control group (P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the mean concentration of MDA in kidney tissue obtained from thalix and thalixisostere 3f groups as compared with that of a positive control group (P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in the mean concentrations of SOD and GSH in kidney tissue of group's thalix and thalixisostere 3f groups as compared with that of a positive control group. We found that thalixisostere 3f is more effective than thalix in inhibiting the expression VEGF as pro-angiogenic factors. Molecular docking study indicated that the proper recognition of the inhibitor thalix-isostere with the conserved amino acid residues at the binding active site of VEGFR2 as one of the important enzymes to be targeted as part of antiangiogenic anticancer.

Larvacide effectiveness of Papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya) on the mortality of larvae vector of Dengue hemorrhagic fever caused by Aedes aegypti

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infection caused by the dengue virus, which is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Chemical insecticides as larvicides used to control Aedes aegypti have created resistant populations. Thus, higher doses are needed, which, of course, have toxic effects on animals, humans, and the environment.To analyze the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya) against the mortality of the third instar Aedesaegypti mosquito larvae. This study is a true experimental research design with a posttest-only control group design. In this study, the groups in this study were the larvae of the Aedes aegypti mosquito instar III/IV, papaya leaf ethanol extract, abate as a positive control group, and aquadest as a negative control.The results of the mean number of larvae deaths in each treatment group was zero (0) larvae in negative control group, positive control group (25 larvae), 5% concentration (9.5 larvae), 10% concentration (11.75 larvae), 15% concentration (12.75 larvae), a concentration of 20% (14.75 larvae), and a concentration of 25% (19.5 larvae). The results of Kruskal Wallis analysis showed that papaya leaf extract was effective as a larvicide for Aedesaegypti (p=0.001). In the probit analysis, it was found that the LC50 of the extract against Aedes aegypti was 23%, while the LC99 was 55%.Papaya leaf extract is effective as a vegetable larvicide for 3rd/IV instar Aedesaegypti larvae

Antidiabetes effect of Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) on mice with Oral Glucose Tolerance Method and Streptozotocin Induction Method

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a problem that deserves attention because of its increasing prevalence every year. The prevalence of DM based on WHO in 2030 is predicted to reach 366 patients. Epidemiologically, it is estimated that in 2030 the prevalence of DM in Indonesia reaches 21.3 million people. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of glycosides from noni fruit on reducing blood sugar levels in normal rats induced by diabetes by the method of glucose tolerance and induction of streptozotocin (STZ). Antidiabetic effect testing was divided into 8 groups namely 4 groups for oral glucose tolerance test in male mice (positive control group, negative control group, glycoside control group, and normal group), 4 other groups for testing with STZ induction (positive control group, positive control group, negative control, glycoside control group, and normal group). Oral glucose tolerance test results on normal mice showed that glycosides from noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) gave significantly different results with negative controls at minute 30 is 0.036 (p <0.05) and were not significantly different from positive controls (0.462) subsequently at 120 minutes the results showed that the glycoside group was significantly different from the negative group (0.028) and not significantly different from the positive group (0.261). Tests with STZ induction method showed that the decrease in the level of blood sugar induced by the glycoside group was not significantly different (p> 0.05) with the positive group on day 1 (0.056), day 3 (0.168), and day 7(0.141) so that it could be concluded that the glycosides from Noni fruit with a dose of 150mg/kg body weight provides antidiabetic activity.

Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test, p<0.05). In the collagenases assay, a high concentration of areca nut (F3) induced the abundance of collagen during the ulcer healing process. Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

The Efficacy of Genistein-Rich Edamame as a Prevention of Atherosclerotic Lesion in Abdominal Aorta: Study in Rats Model of Atherosclerosis

Background: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ischemic heart disease which leads to death for people aged more than 40 years old. Genistein is an important isoflavone compound which may protect the blood vessels from endothelial injury. This research is to observe the efficacy of genistein rich edamame as a prevention for atherosclerotic abdominal aortic lesions that seen from abdominal aortic thickness and foam cells count. Method: Thirty rats were divided randomly into five groups and treated for 28 days. The negative control group was given food and drink ad libitum. The positive control group was induced for atherosclerosis using adrenaline 0.006 mg / 200 gr BW injected on the first day and then the next day was given egg yolk 5 gr / 200 gr BW on next day for 28 days. All of the treatment groups were induced for atherosclerosis and treated with genistein-rich edamame extract 5 mg / 200 gr BW, edamame extract 38 mg / 200 gr BW and atorvastatin 1.5 mg / 200 grBW. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA - post hoc Bonferroni test, Kruskal Wallis - Mann Whitney test, and Pearson correlation test. Results: There were significant differences (p<0,001) in abdominal aortic thickness and foam cells count between positive control group and treatment genistein-rich edamame extract, edamame extract and atorvastatin. There was a significant correlation between the abdominal aortic wall thickness and foam cells count (correlation coefficient value 0,753; p<0,001). Conclusion: The administration of genistein-rich edamame extract can prevent the thickening of abdominal aorta and foam cell formation. Genistein-rich edamame can prevent foam cells formation better than atorvastatin.

Immunogenicity of a new enhanced tetanus-reduced dose diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine against Bordetella pertussis in a murine model

Background The necessity of the tetanus-reduced dose diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adolescence and adults has been emphasized since the resurgence of small-scale pertussis in Korea and worldwide due to the waning effect of the vaccine and variant pathogenic stains in the late 1990s. GreenCross Pharma (GC Pharma), a Korean company, developed the Tdap vaccine GC3111 in 2010. Recently, they enhanced the vaccine, GC3111, produced previously in 2010 to reinforce the antibody response against filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). In this study, immunogenicity and efficacy of the enhanced Tdap vaccine compared and evaluated with two Tdap vaccines, GC3111 vaccine produced in 2010 previously and commercially available Tdap vaccine in a murine model. Methods Two tests groups and positive control group of Balb/c mice were primed with two doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine followed by a single booster Tdap vaccine at 9 week using the commercially available Tdap vaccine or 2 Tdap vaccines from GC Pharma (GC3111, enhanced GC3111). Humoral response was assessed 1 week before and 2 and 4 weeks after Tdap booster vaccination. The enhanced GC3111 generated similar humoral response compare to the commercial vaccine for filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). The interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (Th1), interleukin 5 (IL-5) (Th2) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) (Th17) cytokines were assessed 4 weeks after booster vaccination by stimulation with three simulators: heat inactivated Bordetella pertussis (hBp), vaccine antigens, and hBp mixed with antigens (hBp + antigen). A bacterial challenge test was performed 4 weeks after booster vaccination. Results Regarding cell-mediated immunity, cytokine secretion differed among the three simulators. However, no difference was found between two test groups and positive control group. All the vaccinated groups indicated a Th1 or Th1/Th2 response. On Day 5 post-bacterial challenge, B. pertussis colonies were absent in the lungs in two test groups and positive control group. Conclusions Our results confirmed the immunogenicity of GC Pharma’s Tdap vaccine; enhanced GC3111 was equivalent to the presently used commercial vaccine in terms of humoral response as well as cell-mediated cytokine expression.

EFFECT OF RED MULBERRY JUICE (MORUS RUBRA) ON THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN MALE WISTAR RATS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE

The increasing number of tobacco users will directly impact to an increase in the number of passive smokers. Various harmful substances that enter the respiratory tract can cause health problems. The airway will recognize these substances as pathogen and activate immune response accordingly. Inflammatory response becomes one of the effects of body compensation due to an increased pathogen. This effect is indicated by the elevation of C-Reactive Protein as one systemic inflammatory response parameters in the body. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of red mulberry juice to reduce levels of C-Reactive Protein in Wistar rats because exposure to cigarette smoke. This is an experimental study with a post-test control group design. Animals were divided into negative control group, positive control group, and 3 treatment groups with different red mulberry doses. The positive control group showed the highest increase in C-Reactive Protein levels compared with the red mulberry intake group (p<0,001). In conclusion, the administration of red mulberry juice can reduce inflammatory response in rats because of exposure to cigarette smoke.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kayu Manis Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Ginjal Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol

AbstrakLatar Belakang : Kayu manis (Cinnamomun burmannii) mengandung flavonoid dan sinamaldehid yang berguna sebagai antioksidan dan bersifat renal protektor. Parasetamol berguna sebagai antipiretik dan analgesik. Parasetamol dimetabolisme oleh sitokrom P450 di sel hepar membentuk glukoronida, sulfat, dan NAPQI. NAPQI merupakan hasil metabolit yang sangat reaktif dan mengakibatkan stres oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk engetahui efek pemberian ekstrak kayu manis yang dapat mencegah kerusakan sel tubulus ginjal tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi parasetamol.Metode : 30 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok; (1) kelompok kontrol negatif tanpa perlakuan, (2) kelompok kontrol positif yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis tunggal 1750 mg/kgBB pada hari ke 14, (3) kelompok perlakuan yang diberi ekstrak kayu manis dosis 400 mg/kgBB selama 14 hari lalu diinduksi parasetamol dosis tunggal 1750 mg/kgBB pada hari ke 14. Pada hari ke 17 hewan coba dikorbankan, dilakukan pengambilan ginjal dan dipemeriksa secara mikroskopik. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Mann-Whitney U.Hasil : Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan derajat kerusakan ginjal yang signifikan. Uji Mann-Whitney U menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok kontrol negatif dan kelompok kontrol positif p=0,001 (p<a); kelompok kontrol negatif dan kelompok perlakuan p=0,001 (p<a); juga antara kelompok kontrol positif dan kelompok perlakuan p=0,001 (p<a).Kesimpulan : Terdapat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kayu manis gambaran histopatologi ginjal tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi parasetamol.Kata Kunci : Ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii), parasetamol, gambaran histopatologi ginjal AbstractBackground: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) contains flavonoids and cinnamaldehyde which are useful as antioxidants and renal protectors. Paracetamol is useful as an antipyretic and analgesic. Paracetamol is metabolized by cytochrome P450 in liver cells to form glucuronide, sulfate, and NAPQI. NAPQI is the result of highly reactive metabolites and cause oxidative stress. This study aim to know the effect of cinnamon extract which can prevent damage of renal tubular cell rats male induced by paracetamol.Method: 30 rats used and divided into 3 groups (1) untreated group, (2) rats which were induced by single dose paracetamol 1750 mg/kgBW on 14th day, and (3) rats were which given cinnamon extract dose 400 mg/kgBW for 14 days then induced single dose paracetamol 1750 mg/kgBW on day 14th. On the 17th day the kidneys are taken and microscopic examination is performed. Data analysis uses the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test.Result: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in the degree of kidney damage. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the negative control group and the positive control group p=0.001 (p <); negative control group and the treatment group p=0.001 (p <); also between the positive control group and the treatment group p=0.001 (p <).Conclusion: There is an effect of administration of cinnamon extract on the histopathological picture of the kidney of white rats male induced by paracetamol.Keyword: Cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum burmannii), paracetamol, renal histopathology.