scholarly journals Chemical Removal of Cu and Zn from Swine Feces before Soil Application

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Moo-Joon Shim ◽  
Seung-Mok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
H2so4 Solution ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Swine Feces ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Oxalic Acids

Cu and Zn are known to be abundant in swine feces; hence, concentrations of these metals need to be lowered before swine feces are applied to land in order to prevent potential environmental problems. The main objective of this study was to develop an appropriate chemical process to remove Cu and Zn from swine feces using acid extractions. The removal efficiencies of Cu and Zn decreased in the order of H2SO4 > HNO3 > organic acids (citric and oxalic acids). Owing to the highest removal efficiencies of Cu and Zn by using H2SO4, it was selected for further elimination of Cu and Zn from swine feces. By using H2SO4, the optimal concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, and reaction time were 2%, 1:50, and 8 h, respectively. At the optimum conditions, Cu concentration was decreased from 198 mg/kg to 40.1 mg/kg and Zn concentration from 474 mg/kg to 80.0 mg/kg, with removal rates of 79.7% and 83.1%, respectively. The low Cu removal efficiency, resulting from the strong complexation between Cu and organic matter of swine feces, was improved by the increase in the reaction time and H2SO4 solution concentrations. However, about half of the total nitrogen (TN) was also removed by using H2SO4, indicating that the swine feces treated with H2SO4 may have poor value as fertilizer. Additional studies are required to find an optimal method to maintain TN concentrations while simultaneously removing Cu and Zn.

scholarly journals Treatability of Biodiesel Wastewaters By Using KMnO4 And KMnO4/O3 Processes And Kinetic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar N. TANATTI
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatability of electrocoagulated biodiesel wastewater (ECBD) by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium permanganate/ozone (KMnO4/O3) processes. The ECBD removal efficiencies of both combined method and KMnO4 methods were compared and the KMnO4/O3 process gave better results than the KMnO4 process. For the ECBD removal efficiencies, the experimental parameters including pH, potassium permanganate dose, ozone dose and reaction time parameters were optimized by changing the one parameter at a time. As a result of 6 h of KMnO4 oxidation, 91.74% of COD and 95.93% of MeOH removal was achieved under the optimum conditions (pH 2, 5 g/L KMnO4 dose). However, under optimum conditions (pH 13, 2 g/L KMnO4 dose, 3000 mg/L O3 dose, 6 h reaction time), the COD and MeOH removal efficiencies have been obtained for KMnO4/O3 as 97.79% and 98.30%, respectively. The second order kinetic model has been found to be the most suitable model for both processes and the regression coefficients (R2) has been found as 0.999 and 0.999 for KMnO4 and KMnO4/O3, respectively. The reaction rate constants (k) have been also calculated as 6x10-5 L/mg.min and 1.63x10-4 L/mg.min for COD and MeOH in KMnO4 oxidation, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction rate constants (k) have been also calculated as 6x10-5 L/mg.min and 1.6x10-4 L/mg.min for COD and MeOH in KMnO4/O3 oxidation, respectively.

Effect of Ethanol Treatment on Lycopene Extraction yield

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Kyong-il ◽  
KIM rak-chon ◽  
Kang chang-hyok ◽  
Lee song-nam ◽  
Ryom sok-hun
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Pretreatment Method ◽  
Ethanol Pretreatment

In order to extract lycopene more effectively, this experiment focused on the optimization of ethanol pretreatment method to study the effects of ethanol treatment on the extraction rate of lycopene and its antioxidant activity. The test results show that 2 times ethanol treatment is very effective for improving lycopene yield. The optimum conditions of ethanol treatment are temperature 50 ℃, treatment time 1 time 2h, 2 times 2h, solid to liquid ratio is 1:12. The lycopene yield can be reached 20mg / 100g above.

Degradation of chlorpyriphos in water by advanced oxidation processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Murillo ◽  
J. Sarasa ◽  
M. Lanao ◽  
J. L. Ovelleiro
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Initial Ph

The degradation of chlorpyriphos by different advanced oxidation processes such as photo-Fenton, TiO2, TiO2/H2O2, O3 and O3/H2O2 was investigated. The photo-Fenton and TiO2 processes were optimized using a solar chamber as light source. The optimum dosages of the photo-Fenton treatment were: [H2O2]=0.01 M; [Fe3 + ]=10 mg l−1; initial pH = 3.5. With these optimum conditions total degradation was observed after 15 minutes of reaction time. The application of sunlight was also efficient as total degradation was achieved after 60 minutes. The optimum dosage using only TiO2 as catalyst was 1,000 mg l−1, obtaining the maximum degradation at 20 minutes of reaction time. On the other hand, the addition of 0.02 M of H2O2 to a lower dosage of TiO2 (10 mg l−1) provides the same degradation. The ozonation treatment achieved complete degradation at 30 minutes of reaction time. On the other hand, it was observed that the degradation was faster by adding H2O2 (H2O2/O3 molar ratio = 0.5). In this case, total degradation was observed after 20 minutes.

scholarly journals Process optimization for biodiesel production from neutralized waste cooking oil and the effect of this biodiesel on engine performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzer Eryilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Cooking Oils

In this study, the methyl ester production process from neutralized waste cooking oils is optimized by using alkali-catalyzed (KOH) single-phase reaction. The optimization process is performed depending on the parameters, such as catalyst concentration, methanol/oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimum methyl ester conversion efficiency was 90.1% at the optimum conditions of 0.7 wt% of potassium hydroxide, 25 wt% methanol/oil ratio, 90 min reaction time and 60°C reaction temperature. After the fuel characteristics of the methyl ester obtained under optimum conditions were determined, the effect on engine performance, CO and NOx emissions of methyl ester was investigated in a diesel engine with a single cylinder and direct injection. When compared to diesel fuel, engine power and torque decreased when using methyl ester, and specific fuel consumption increased. NOx emission increases at a rate of 18.4% on average through use of methyl ester.

scholarly journals Treatment of oilfield wastewater by combined process of micro-electrolysis, Fenton oxidation and coagulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 3278-3288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenchao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Fenton Oxidation ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Combined Process ◽  
Cod Removal Efficiency ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Abstract In this study, a combined process was developed that included micro-electrolysis, Fenton oxidation and coagulation to treat oilfield fracturing wastewater. Micro-electrolysis and Fenton oxidation were applied to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) organic load and to enhance organic components gradability, respectively. Orthogonal experiment were employed to investigate the influence factors of micro-electrolysis and Fenton oxidation on COD removal efficiency. For micro-electrolysis, the optimum conditions were: pH, 3; iron-carbon dosage, 50 mg/L; mass ratio of iron-carbon, 2:3; reaction time, 60 min. For Fenton oxidation, a total reaction time of 90 min, a H2O2 dosage of 12 mg/L, with a H2O2/Fe2+ mole ratio of 30, pH of 3 were selected to achieve optimum oxidation. The optimum conditions in coagulation process: pH, cationic polyacrylamide dosage, mixing speed and time is 4.3, 2 mg/L, 150 rpm and 30 s, respectively. In the continuous treatment process under optimized conditions, the COD of oily wastewater fell 56.95%, 46.23%, 30.67%, respectively, from last stage and the total COD removal efficiency reached 83.94% (from 4,314 to 693 mg/L). In the overall treatment process under optimized conditions, the COD of oily wastewater was reduced from 4,314 to 637 mg/L, and the COD removal efficiency reached 85.23%. The contribution of each stage is 68.45% (micro-electrolysis), 24.07% (Fenton oxidation), 7.48% (coagulation), respectively. Micro-electrolysis is the uppermost influencing process on COD removal. Compared with the COD removal efficiency of three processes on raw wastewater under optimized conditions: the COD removal efficiency of single micro-electrolysis, single Fenton oxidation, single coagulation is 58.34%, 44.88% and 39.72%, respectively. Experiments proved the effect of combined process is marvelous and the overall water quality of the final effluent could meet the class III national wastewater discharge standard of petrochemical industry of China (GB8978-1996).

Research on the Preparation of Polyferric Silicate Chloride (PFSC) and Application on Algae Wastewater Treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 154-155 ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ping Wang ◽  
Xiao Fei Yan ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Ai Bin Xu ◽  
Nai Yuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coagulation Performance ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

A new polyferric silicate chloride(PFSC) was prepared by using sodium silicate, ferric chloride as raw materials, at the same time, its coagulation performance and the influencing factors were observed. The water containing algae was processed by PFSC coagulant and coagulation mechanism were discussed. The results showed that the best reaction time of PFSC preparation was 1h, temperature was 40°Cand Fe/Si mole ratio was 1. The removal efficiencies of chlorophyll a and turbidity were 82.40% and 94.97% respectively at 14mgFe•L-1 of dosage. Coagulation mechanism of PFSC is considered as the cooperation of oxidization/adsorption/charge-neutralization, adsorption-bridging and sweeping, which is the effect of silicic acid, iron and iron hydrolysate on the suspended particles in wastewater.

scholarly journals Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Degradation by Fenton and Fenton-Like Processes

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antover Panazzolo Sarmento ◽  
Alisson Carraro Borges ◽  
Antonio Teixeira de Matos ◽  
Lincoln Lucílio Romualdo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Antibiotic Degradation

In this work, the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) via Fenton and Fenton-like processes was evaluated using Mn2+ as supporting catalyst in the Fenton reaction. The optimum conditions of degradation were also evaluated. Besides that, the effect of independent factors pH, [H2O2], [Fe2+], [Mn2+] and reaction time (t) on the efficiency of the SMX and TMP degradation were assessed. Box–Behnken was the experimental design adopted, delineating the relative concentration (C/Co) of antibiotics after treatments as response variable. The inferences were conducted using variance analysis, Pareto chart, response surface methodology, and desirability function. Due to the lack of adjustment of the SMX degradation model, there are no more inferences about it. The significant variables (p ≤ 0.05) on TMP degradation were: reaction time quadratic and linear effect, [Fe2+] linear effect, [Mn2+] linear effect, interaction pH vs. [Mn2+]. The Mn2+ addition aided TMP degradation in environments with lower pH values. However, the addition may harm the efficiency of the antibiotic degradation at higher pH. The optimum condition for TMP degradation in the conventional process (without the addition of Mn2+) is: pH 5, [H2O2] equal to 4.41 mmol L−1, [Fe2+] equal to 0.81 mmol L−1 and 90 min reaction time.

Taguchi Approach and ANOVA in Optimization of the Dissolution of Colemanite in CO2 and SO2- Water Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Zafer Ekinci ◽  
Esref Kurdal ◽  
Meltem Kizilca Coruh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Controllable Factors

Background: Turkey is approximately 72% of the world’s boron sources. Colemanite, tincal, ulexite and pandermite are among the most significant in Turkey. Boron compounds and minerals are widely used in many industrial fields. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the control of impurities in the boric acid production process using colemanite by carrying out the reaction with a mixture of CO2 and SO2 - water, and determining the appropriate process conditions to develop a new process as an alternative to the use of sulfuric acid. Due to worrying environmental problems, intensive studies are being carried out globally to reduce the amount of CO2 and SO2 gases released to the atmosphere. Methods: The Taguchi method is an experimental design method that minimizes the product and process variability by selecting the most appropriate combination of the levels of controllable factors compared to uncontrollable factors. Results: It was evaluated the effects of parameters such as reaction temperature, solid-to liquid ratio, SO2/CO2 gas flow rate, particle size, stirring speed and reaction time. The optimum conditions determined to be reaction temperature of 45°C; a solid–liquid ratio of 0.083 g.mL−1; an SO2/CO2 ratio of 2/2 mL.s−1; a particle size of -0.354+0 .210 mm; a mixing speed of 750 rpm and a reaction time of 20 min. Conclusion: Under optimum operating conditions, 96.8% of colemanite was dissolved. It is thought that the industrial application of this study will have positive effects on the greenhouse effect by contributing to the reduction of CO2 and SO2 emissions that cause global warming.

Application of Oyster (Anadara Inflata) Shell Chitosan as Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Cu(II) Ion

2015 ◽  
Vol 798 ◽  
pp. 390-394
Author(s):  
Saptono Hadi ◽  
Budi Hastuti ◽  
Nurina Tulus Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Adsorption Capability

Research on the application of chitosan derived from oyster (Anadara inflata) shell as adsorbent for heavy metal Cu (II) has been conducted. Optimum conditions for adsorption, including pH, reaction time, and mass of adsorbent were investigated. Adsorption capability of Cu (II) by chitosan under those optimum conditions was subsequently evaluated by determining their adsorption isotherms and interaction mechanism. The results showed that the optimum condition for adsorption were pH 8, contact time 60 min, and mass of adsorbent 300 mg. Under those optimum conditions, chitosan has a high percentage removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution, up to 70%. The adsorption process was well described as Langmuir isotherm and it is assumed that the interaction between Cu (II) and chitosan was based on chemical mechanism.

Ru-Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation: A Highly Efficient and Selective Process for Preparing Trans-Trans Isomer of 4,4'-Diamino-Dicyclohexy

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1413-1416
Author(s):  
Yu Xiang Wang ◽  
Dan Dan Li ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Ya Juan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Trans Isomer ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Selective Hydrogenation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Arene Hydrogenation ◽  
Selective Process

The selective hydrogenation of 4,4'-methylenedianiline(MDA) over Ru/γ-Al2O3 was investigated in the presence of diamine and base. Under the optimum conditions: the reaction temperature of 448K, H2 pressure of 1100 psig , and reaction time of 5h, the conversion of 4,4'-methylenedianiline was close to 100% and the selectivity to trans-trans isomer of 4,4'-diamino-dicyclohexy was less than 20%.

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