scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Paraffin Type and Substrate Mixture on the Production of Grafted Vines—Case Study Muscat Ottonel

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1584
Author(s):  
Anamaria Călugăr ◽  
Dan Corbean ◽  
Nastasia Pop ◽  
Claudiu Ioan Bunea ◽  
Anca Cristina Babeș ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Cooperative Strategies ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Planting Materials

The study focussed on a nursery by analyzing its strategic choices to obtain the best profit on grapevine planting material. The production of grapevine grafts involves high labor and material costs. In this study, Muscat Ottonel grape variety grafted on Oppenheim Sellection 4 rootstock was paraffined with different types of wax: standard wax (SW), paraffin with 8-chinolinol (8C) and paraffin with oxiquinolein (OX) (before callusing), and silver color (S), blue color (B) and standard (SW) paraffin (after grafting callusing and before planting in field nursery). After uprooting from the field nursery, all variants were paraffined with red paraffin for storage. The unit cost price was calculated based on total expenses and the yield of grafts obtained in the vine field nursery. The lowest price per unit cost was recorded for the 8C/S variant, directly related to the first quality yield after uprooting from the nursery. The highest profit rate was for the 8C/S variant, while the lowest was registered to the SW/SW variant. The grafts of the 8C/S variant were potted in three rooting mixtures. Variant B (forest ground 60% + black peat 25% + river sand 10% + conifer sawdust 5%) generated the highest yield of the potted grafted vine with a rate of profit of over 170%, due to the lower production cost and high yield of potted vines, while variant C (forest ground 70% + river sand 15% + conifer sawdust 15%), determinate the lowest yield. Results may be useful in orienting the small-to-medium grapevine planting materials producers to choose the best cooperative strategies, which nurseries might implement to enhance their competitiveness and survive in the long-run.

scholarly journals Production data of wine grape gene bank (Vitis spp.) of University of Debrecen, east Hungary

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rakonczás
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Moderate Deviation ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
The University ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Technological Flexibility

National wine strategy of Hungary promotes the use of “flexible” grape cultivars. These enable producers’ best fit to wine market changes and expectations. This study is aimed to present data on the gene bank of the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Data were collected at a single site, between 2010 and 2018 in east Hungary lowland on acidic sandy soil, own rooted planting material. Our results showed that besides high yield and adequate cane production desired sugar content at convenient pH is to be awaited with moderate deviation between vintages. Presented concept demonstrate technological flexibility of cultivars by their average deviation from regression equation between increasing sugar and pH typical for the vintage composed of data of cultivars of the gene bank. Average positive deviation means higher sugar content at specific pH, thus higher sugar content at desired, conveniently low pH (3.0-3.2 pH).

Scarcity and Growth Revisited

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1815-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
N D Uri ◽  
R Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Zinc Nickel

The analysis presented in this paper is concerned with the effect of resource scarcity on economic growth. After the notion of scarcity is defined and two measures of scarcity are introduced—unit cost and relative resource price—changes in the trend in resource scarcity for lead, zinc, nickel, aluminium, silver, iron, and copper in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s are investigated. Only for silver and iron is there any indication that such a change has occurred. For silver, the change is transitory. It is believed that changes in resource scarcity have implications for future economic growth depending on the extent of the change and the degree to which resource scarcity and economic growth are interrelated. To see whether this is a relevant concern cointegration techniques are utilized to identify objectively a long-run equilibrium relationship between resource scarcity and economic growth. Only for the unit cost measure for lead and copper for one of the measures of cointegration is there a suggestion that resource scarcity has affected economic growth in the United States over the period 1889–1992.

The Sicilian cooperative system of wine production

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-421
Author(s):  
Valeria Borsellino ◽  
Francesca Varia ◽  
Cinzia Zinnanti ◽  
Emanuele Schimmenti
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Cooperative System ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Long Run

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify whether, besides the traditional organisational models mainly implemented by wine-making cooperatives, more modern and hybrid organisational forms can be profitably applied within an increasingly competitive wine market. Design/methodology/approach The study outlined in this paper deployed a mixed method. Specifically, an archived analysis, a survey and a descriptive case study (including visits, interviews and documentary analysis) were the methodological techniques used in this study, which were “in series but integrated” between themselves. In this paper, the landscape of Sicilian wine cooperatives is described by collating and processing different types of statistical sources, which have been integrated by direct surveys undertaken in 2017. Thereafter, the study focussed on a wine cooperative with a specific business model and a strategic edge by analysing its strategic choices and main structural and governance characteristics. Within this case study, a financial ratio analysis, which was based on 2011-2017 financial statements, was conducted to analyse the profitability, financial balance, capital structure and debt relationships of the wine cooperative. Findings The Sicilian wine cooperative system is still predominantly characterised by partial and vertical integration, implemented by cooperatives which elect to sell mainly bulk wine to wine merchants. In such a context, there is scope for other degrees of integration and strategic inter-firm alliances; the latter includes “vertical quasi-integration”. The study demonstrated how the wine cooperative under investigation is overcoming the structural problems of the regional wine sector and why it is retaining such a strategic alliance with one of the most important Italian wine conglomerates. Indeed, it has acquired greater strength and reliability since its collaboration with the aforementioned wine company. Thus, total revenue and the company’s market share of packaged wine have increased. However, there are still margins for improving sales’ profitability. Research limitations/implications This study has territorial limitations but Sicilian wine cooperatives generally play an important role in the regional, Italian and European wine industries. As such, this research should be considered as an exploratory study, deserving further investigation into different strategic choices within the wine cooperative system by performing cross-case comparisons. Results may also be useful in orienting cooperative strategies in Sicily (or further afield) to small-to-medium wine cooperatives, often lacking specific abilities relating to the distribution, marketing and selling of their wine. Public agricultural policies may also be enlightened by these research pathways. Originality/value The authors contend that their study provides hitherto missing information relating to inter-firm strategic alliances, which wine cooperatives might implement to enhance their competitiveness and survive in the long-run.

MOŻLIWOŚĆ WPROWADZANIA SIEWEM DĘBU W MONOKULTURACH SOSNOWYCH POCHODZĄCYCH Z ODNOWIENIA NATURALNEGO NA TERENIE NADLEŚNICTWA SKWIERZYNA

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ryś ◽  
Maciej Hałuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Long Run

Oaks have an important economic and natural role in forestry. Due to the change in land use, the problem, in the long run turned out to be obtaining the desired, consistent with the habitat, species composition of crops, derived from natural regeneration of Scots pine. The aim of the work was to show biometric differences in oaks obtained from sowing and planting. The economic aspect of both ways of introducing hardwood admixtures in pine "monoliths" was also taken into consideration. The unit cost of renewing oaks by sowing is 5 times smaller than renewal by planting. The study found no biometric differences between plants. Attention was however paid to better resistance to drought from sowing oaks.

scholarly journals Farmers' Sources and Varieties of Cassava Planting Materials in Coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Clay Kidasi ◽  
Dora Kilalo Chao ◽  
Elias Otieno Obudho ◽  
Agnes Wakesho Mwang'ombe
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
Planting Materials

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grows in diverse agro-ecological zones. In Kenya, it is widely cultivated in Western and Coastal regions. It is mainly grown for food and nutrition security and excess roots are sold to generate income for the farm households. Its productivity per unit of the land area is high compared to maize and wheat which are staple crops in the country. However, scarcity of cassava planting materials and pests and diseases limit production in these regions. This study aimed at revealing the sources and varieties of cassava planting materials used by farmers and other farmers' practices in coastal Kenya. Four focus group discussions (FGD) and a survey were conducted in 2018, using a semi-structured questionnaire targeting 250 farmers. The data collected on the sources of planting materials, preferred varieties and the practices employed by the farmers in cassava production, was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Majority of farmers (83%) interviewed indicated that they recycled planting materials from the previous crop while some 67% respondents obtained the planting material from their neighbors. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization's (KALRO) and the local markets were reported as sources of planting materials by 11 and 5% farmer respondents, respectively. The only formal seed source reported was KALRO. The rest, own seed, neighbors, and the local markets, were informal seed sources. Piecemeal harvesting practiced by 98% of the farmers favored planting material recycling. Farmers dedicated a small proportion of their land (mean 0.2 ha) to cassava production as reported by 60 and 72.8% of farmers from Taita Taveta and Kilifi, respectively. Slightly above half (56%) of the farmers in Kilifi dedicated slightly more land to cassava, planting between 100 and 4,000 cuttings (2.5% of an acre up to a full acre) compared to 87% farmers from Taita Taveta who planted 100 cuttings or less (which is about 2.5% of an acre or less). A majority (81.1%) of farmers in Taita Taveta planted local cassava varieties compared to Kilifi's 57.8%. Slightly above half of the farmer respondents reported Kibandameno as the preferred variety followed by Tajirika as the second preferred variety as reported by 18% farmers. Kibandameno was preferred for its sweet taste by 75.6% farmers while Tajirika was preferred by 52.4% farmers because of the high yielding capacity. Nearly all farmer respondents, in Taita Taveta County obtained the planting material from informal seed sources, except a negligible number, who reported buying their planting material from KALRO, a formal seed source, far from their locality. Farmers sourcing cuttings from a formal seed source such as those from Kilifi County were more likely to use a tractor for land preparation compared to those who sourced planting materials informally who more likely had scarce knowledge on cassava production and the value of cassava. Therefore, interventions to establish a sustainable healthy cassava planting materials seed system are needed to address the systemic constraint and help develop a viable cassava value chain.

scholarly journals Different Variations of Cost Curve in Economics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Hartini Ab Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cost Curves ◽  
Short Run

In economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve; and profit maximizing firms use cost curves to decide output quantities. There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves; marginal ("for each additional unit") cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves; and variable cost curves. Some are applicable to the short run, others to the long run.

scholarly journals Determination of Selection Index of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Yield Traits Using Regression Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Bayu Setyawan ◽  
Taryono . ◽  
Suyadi Mitrowihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Planting Materials

The increasing chocolate consumption has not been followed by growing production of dry cocoa beans. In order to support the increase in cocoa production, planting materials with high yield are needed. The objective of this research was to determine the components of cocoa traits affecting weight of dry cocoa beans, and set a selection index for superior cocoa trees. The experiment material were four cocoa hybrid populations of which their family ancestry were unknown, and were planted on Samigaluh Plantation, Yogyakarta, and Segayung Plantation, Central Java. Observations and data collection were conducted on four plant populations. The observations were undertaken for three years, by observing plant traits, including pod length, pod diameter, husk thickness, cavity diameter, pod fresh weight, cocoa bean/pod fresh weight, husk fresh weight, dry weight of cocoa beans/pod, number of cocoa beans/pod, dry weight per cocoa bean. The collected data were analyzed using path and regression analysis methods. The results showed that pod diameter (X4), fresh pod weight (X5), number of cocoa beans/pod (X8), and dry weight/cocoa bean (X9) were used to form a selection index resulting the equation I = 0.0792 X4 + 0.1330 X5 + 0.0106 X8 + 0.1349 X9 furthermore will be used in the selection of cocoa trees. Ten cocoa plants from seeds having the highest general selection index were D 034, D 003, D 015, A 054, D 004, D 033, D 041, A 157, D 036, and D 025 will be selected for further evaluation.

scholarly journals Producing Planting Material of Rubus arcticus L. by Clonal Micropropagation

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Sergey S. Makarov ◽  
◽  
Galina V. Tyak ◽  
Anton I. Chudetsky ◽  
Irina B. Kuznetsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nontimber Forest Products ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Clonal Micropropagation ◽  
Planting Material

The article presents the results of experimental studies on various propagation methods of the Arctic bramble in the Kostroma region. Industrial cultivation of forest berry plantations is a possible effective solution to the problem of low profitability of using nontimber forest products, reduction of the wild berries resources and their productivity and quality, and reclamation of cutover peatlands. It is advisable to use high-yield varietal planting material to create such plantations. Special attention is paid to propagation and production of healthy planting material using culture of plant cells and tissues. Data on sterilization of explants when introduced in vitro are given. The highest efficiency of sterilization was observed when using a chlorine-free eco-sterilizer (the plant survival rate on the MS nutrient medium was 90–93 %). The effect analysis of the passage number of regenerated plants on the multiplication factor of the Arctic bramble varieties was carried out. The optimal concentrations of cytokinins at the stage of micropropagation are shown. The largest number of the Arctic bramble roots was observed when adding 1.0 mg/L of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/L of Ecogel to the nutrient medium. The technological and agrotechnical operations performed during the cultivation of planting material of forest berry plantations are considered. Data on the coefficients of vegetative propagation of plants and their resistance to diseases, yielding capacity, and recultivation of cutover peatlands are given. The best planting material of the Arctic bramble are ball-rooted seedlings. Sawdust and sphagnum were used in the cultivation of this berry on the peatland. The economic efficiency of its cultivation with the method of clonal micropropagation was 358.2 %. For citation: Makarov S.S., Tyak G.V., Kuznetsova I.B., Chudetsky A.I., Tsaregradskaya S.Yu. Producing Planting Material of Rubus arcticus L. by Clonal Micropropagation. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 89–99. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-89-99

scholarly journals Water Requirement Estimation of One-Whorl Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) Planting Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Andi Nur Cahyo
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Daily Evapotranspiration ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Research Institute

Fulfilling water requirement is one of the important factors for a successful production of rubber tree planting materials. Research on the irrigation requirement for young rubber trees is crucial to determine the amount of water required for an optimum plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of water needed by one whorl rubber planting material to compensate the amount of evapotranspiration, as well as to estimate the crop coefficient value (kc). The research was conducted at the Indonesian Rubber Research Institute on July 2021. Daily evapotranspiration (ETc) of rubber planting materials of clone “PB 260”, “RRIC 100”, and “IRR 112” planted in polybag size 13 cm x 35 cm were measured by weighing the planting materials daily. Evapotranspiration for the reference crop was collected from the Indonesian Rubber Research Institute climatological station. Our study showed that the amount of water required by each rubber planting material was 92.21 mL per day per polybag when the mean of daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was 3.67 mm per day. Therefore, the crop coefficient (kc) of one whorl rubber planting material arranged sparsely was ± 0.32. This kc value can be used as a base to calculate water requirement of one whorl rubber planting material based on the daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo).

scholarly journals Cytological and anatomical assessment of a few planting materials of tea (Camellia spp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Alija Burhagohain ◽  
Aditi Smith Gogoi
Keyword(s):  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Good Parent ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

In the present investigation, an effort was made to characterize and estimate the variation of 20 tea germplasm on the basis of cytological and anatomical characteristics. All the germplasm showed highly significant difference amongst them in all the parameters except the ploidy level. Here, all the germplasm were observed to be diploid having 2n=30 no. of chromosome. From the anatomical parameters it was observed that THT8 followed by THT5, THT7, THT13 showed characteristic more likely towards Cambod type also recorded with higher phloem index. The planting material noted with higher phloem index in the present study can be considered as hybrid population which may be a good parent material for breeding programme.

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