Kinetics of C Mineralization of Biochars in Three Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils: Effects of Feedstocks and Soil Properties

The aim of this work was to compare the carbon (C) mineralization kinetics of three biochars (Formosan ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata), ash biochar; Makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makino Hayata), bamboo biochar; and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit), lead tree biochar) applied with two addition rates (2 and 5 wt %) in three excessive compost-fertilized (5 wt %) soils (one Oxisols and two Inceptisols), and to ascertain the increasing or decreasing effect of biochar and soil type in the presence of excessive compost. The study results of 400 days incubation indicated that, in general, the potential of the three biochars for C sequestration is similar in the three studied soils. The presence of excessive compost stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term (first two months). The potential of biochar addition for neutralizing soil pH and regulating the release of Al from soil for preserving soil organic carbon (SOC) might be the important mechanisms in biochar-compost interactions, especially in the presence of excessive compost. Overall, 5% application rate of three high temperature-pyrolysis biochars showed the less detriments to studied soils. In these incubations of biochar, excessive compost, and soil, it is a decreasing effect overall, that is, the enhanced storage of both biochar-C and SOC, which is expected as a long-term carbon sequestration in soil. The recorded direction and magnitude of effect, both are strongly influenced by biochar and soil type. When co-applied with excessive compost, the negative (reducing CO2 release) effect with increasing biochar application rates was eliminated.

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Evaluating the Efficacy of Dazomet for the Control of Annual Bluegrass Seed Germination in Renovated Turf Surfaces

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03930-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 44-47

Author(s):

Jacob S. Bravo ◽

Thomas Okada Green ◽

James R. Crum ◽

John N. Rogers ◽

Sasha Kravchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Type ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Application Rate ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Application Rates ◽

Trial Treatment ◽

Soil Preparation ◽

Native Soils

The soil sterilant, dazomet, is the primary product in the turfgrass industry set to take the position of methyl bromide, which is no longer available for use on turfgrass. With turf surface renovations taking place throughout the country, the need for an effective soil sterilant is critical. This study focused on the ability of dazomet to inhibit germination of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) seeds when it is used as per the current, turf focused, label which decreased legal application rates across all surfaces. This study was a four-way factorial in a split-split plot design with whole plots in a randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications. The first factor, soil type, included two levels. Soil-type plots (60 × 95 ft) were either sand capped from topdressing over the native Capac loam or they were the native Capac loam. Sand topdressing was applied biweekly at a rate of 0.14 yard3/1000 ft2, April to September since 2011; accumulating a total of 1.5 inches of sand. Each of three replicated blocks consisted of two soil-type plots. The second factor was time trials, with two levels of starting times, June and August. Each soil-type plot was split into two subplots and the trials were assigned at random to subplots within each plot. The third factor, soil preparation, involved either removing the upper 1.5 inches of the sod/soil layer or spraying plots with glyphosate and then heavily cultivating them. This cultivation included a vertical-cut and a core cultivation with an aerator using 0.5-inch hollow tines at 2 × 2-inch spacing. The fourth factor, treatment regime, comprised 11 parameters that encompassed dazomet application rate, incorporation method, and the technique used to seal the soil surface. Dazomet treatments were applied with a shaker bottle, at rates that included 262, 421, 525, and 262 lb/acre applied twice at a 5-day interval. The treatments were incorporated into the soil either through 1 inch of irrigation, through four consecutive days of irrigation following this schedule: 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 inch each day after application, respectively, or physically (P) with a rotary tiller set to 1.5 inches, the depth of the topdressing layer. All P incorporated plots were hand rolled following application, regardless of the tarping procedure. Water-incorporated plots were either sealed with a clear plastic 4-mil tarp or they were left unsealed. Researchers evaluated the level of germination control by counting individual annual bluegrass seedlings using a 1 × 1-ft grid. A significant interaction occurred between soil type and soil preparation as well as between soil type and treatment. A three-way interaction also occurred between trial, treatment and soil preparation. In general, tarped treatments showed better annual bluegrass control compared with nontarped treatments. Furthermore, sand topdressed soils showed lower numbers of annual bluegrass as compared with native soils. Finally, reduced annual bluegrass germination was found in plots that had the top 1.5 inches of material removed.

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Long-Term Biosolids Applications to Overgrazed Rangelands Improve Soil Health

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1339

Author(s):

Cassidy M. Buchanan ◽

James A. Ippolito

Keyword(s):

Soil Health ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Application Rate ◽

Land Application ◽

Health Index ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Health Indices ◽

Application Rates ◽

Biosolids Application

Overgrazed rangelands can lead to soil degradation, yet long-term land application of organic amendments (i.e., biosolids) may play a pivotal role in improving degraded rangelands in terms of soil health. However, the long-term effects on soil health properties in response to single or repeated, low to excessive biosolids applications, on semi-arid, overgrazed grasslands have not been quantified. Using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), soil physical, biological, chemical, nutrient, and overall soil health indices between biosolids applications (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 21, or 30 Mg ha−1) and application time (single: 1991, repeated: 2002) were determined. Results showed no significant changes in soil physical and nutrient health indices. However, the chemical soil health index was greater when biosolids were applied at rates <30 Mg ha−1 and within the single compared to repeated applications. The biological soil health index was positively affected by increasing biosolids application rates, was overall greater in the repeated as compared to the single application, and was maximized at 30 Mg ha−1. The overall soil health index was maximized at rates <30 Mg ha−1. When all indices were combined, and considering past plant community findings at this site, overall soil health appeared optimized at a biosolids application rate of ~10 Mg ha−1. The use of soil health tools can help determine a targeted organic amendment application rate to overgrazed rangelands so the material provides maximum benefits to soils, plants, animals, and the environment.

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Effects of aging on the bioavailability and sorption/desorption behavior of biphenyl in soils

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2005.0235 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 95-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.-H. Park ◽

M. Sharer ◽

Y. Feng ◽

S.-Y. Chung ◽

T.C. Voice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aging Time ◽

Contact Time ◽

Sorption Isotherms ◽

Soil Types ◽

Desorption Kinetic ◽

Mineralization Kinetics ◽

Effects Of Aging ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Uptake And Release

The effects of aging (soil-chemical contact time) on bioavailability, one of the main variables for determining the persistence of organic chemicals in the environment, is poorly understood. There are few studies that have tested the effects of long-term aging on chemical dynamics in soils and have related these effects to bioavailability tests of these aged compounds. In this study, sorption/desorption behavior of biphenyl (BP) on two soil types (Capac A and Capac B) was evaluated for aging times of 24 hours and 8 months. Then bioavailability experiments of BP on the same soils were performed after aging times of 24 hours to 6 months. Sorption isotherms and desorption kinetic profiles were prepared to analyze changes in uptake and release, respectively, due to aging of BP. Mineralization kinetics of BP to 14CO2 by a strain of Pseudomonas putida was used to assess changes in bioavailability due to aging. Data indicates that there was an increase in sorption with aging time for BP on both soil types. The rate of BP desorption did not much change with increased aging time. The extent of BP mineralization was found to decrease with aging time.

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Effect of long-term organic amendments on chemical and microbial properties of a luvisol

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3283-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 513-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

H.W. Scherer ◽

D.J. Metker ◽

G. Welp

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Dehydrogenase Activity ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Application Rate ◽

N Content ◽

Application Rates ◽

Compost Application ◽

Sludge Application

We studied the long-term effect (about 45 years) of farmyard manure, sewage sludge and compost application in two increments on organic carbon (Corg), the amount (Cmic) and activity of the microbial biomass (soil respiration, dehydrogenase activity), total N content and N delivery of soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers. The application of both increments of compost and the high sewage sludge application rate resulted in an increase in Corg while soils treated with both compost application rates and the high farmyard manure application rate showed a significant increase in Cmic. Cmic/Corg ranged between 1.7 and 3.3. Dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration were the greatest in the soil with the highest compost and farmyard manure application rates. Total soil N content was significantly higher in both compost treatments and in the treatment with the high sewage sludge application rate. This was accompanied by the highest N uptake of ryegrass.

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Improving Jatropha curcas L. photosynthesis-related parameters using poultry litter and its biochar

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha49312344 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 12344

Author(s):

Boitshwarelo L. MASOCHA ◽

Oagile DIKINYA ◽

Baleseng MOSEKI

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Application Rate ◽

Jatropha Curcas L ◽

Carbon Dioxide Uptake ◽

Application Rates ◽

Study Results

Poultry litter and biochar contribute to improved plant growth due to their high nutrient content. However, to the best of our knowledge, how incorporating poultry litter and its biochar in soil affects photosynthesis-related parameters of Jatropha curcas L. has not been reported. Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a complete randomised design with three replicates per treatment to determine the effects of poultry litter, biochar pyrolysed at 350 °C and 750 °C at different application rates (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 gkg-1) on Jatropha curcas L. photosynthesis parameters. The control plants recorded the lowest values of photosynthesis-related parameters compared to the treated plants except for water use efficiency. The study observed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in leaf surface area (1807 m2, PL), dark-adapted Fv/Fm ratio, carbon dioxide uptake, and transpiration rate for PL and BC350 with increased application rates, compared to BC750 treatments. BC350 treated plants exhibited higher values (0.79) of Light-adapted Fv’/Fm’. The quantum yield of PSII electron transport displayed an increase with an application rate of 3 gkg-1in PL (0.75) treated soils. Comparing organic amendments used, BC350 exhibited a significantly higher value of carbon dioxide uptake rate (2.67 μmol m-2 s-1) and transpiration rate (2.20 mmol m-2 s-1); however, WUE increased at an application rate of 3 gkg-1 in BC750 (3.8 µmol (CO2) mol-1(H2O)) treated plants. The study results indicate that poultry litter and biochar produced at a lower temperature significantly improved photosynthesis parameters than biochar produced at a higher temperature.

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Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11091692 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1692

Author(s):

Chen-Chi Tsai ◽

Yu-Fang Chang

Keyword(s):

Poultry Litter ◽

Carbon Mineralization ◽

Acid Soils ◽

C Sequestration ◽

Application Rate ◽

Environmental Harm ◽

Management Approach ◽

C Mineralization ◽

Soil C ◽

Poultry Litter Biochar

Poultry litter biochar (PLB) is a value-adding soil amendment and an economically sustainable approach that is used to enhance food safety and reduce environmental harm. Poultry litter biochar has promising potential but has been under-examined in regards to carbon (C) sequestration in relation to its type and application rate. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of PLB in enhancing the C sequestration of acid soils through a short-term incubation experiment. The soil was amended with different materials: PLB (1%, 5%, and 10%) and a control (non-amended). The results indicated that PLB application increased soil C mineralization relative to the control (19–1562%), it significantly increased with an increasing application rate (e.g., increased addition 29, 99, and 172% for 1, 5, and 10% of 400 °C PLB), and the soil C mineralization and applied carbon mineralized (ACM) significantly decreased with temperature (e.g., the cumulative C pool ranges of ACM with 1% PLB, added at pyrolysis temperatures of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C, were 42.0, 34.4, 19.6, 6.16, and 4.04%, respectively). To assist sustainable soil management and to aid the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs), as well as to maximize the benefits of PLB applications and minimize the potential environmental risk, it is suggested that application of PLB, pyrolyzed within 400–600 °C at a rate between 1% to 5%, should be adopted in acidic soils in Taiwan.

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Comparative Labelling and Biokinetic Studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn)

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1620603 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 16 (01) ◽

pp. 30-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Agha ◽

R. B. R. Persson

Keyword(s):

Complex Formation ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Ph Value ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Reduction Step ◽

Labelling Yield ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Kinetics Of

SummaryGelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTcchelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90—95% when 100 μmol EDTA · H4 and 0.5 (Amol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTceluate for 30—60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8—2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc- DTPA(Sn) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37°C), no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).

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Plant mortality and seedling recruitment responses to flupropanate in grassland populations of Nassella trichotoma

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.42 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 160-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G.W. BourdÃ´t ◽

S. Jackman ◽

D.J. Saville

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Dose Response ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Seedling Recruitment ◽

Residual Activity ◽

Application Rate ◽

Plant Mortality ◽

Complete Control ◽

Bio Synthesis

Flupropanate (sodium 2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropanate), a slow-acting lipid bio- synthesis-inhibiting herbicide, was recently registered in New Zealand as Taskforce (745 g/L flupropanate as the sodium salt) for the selective and long-term control of Nassella trichotoma (nassella tussock) in pastures. In five dose-response experiments in permanent hill pastures in Canterbury, conducted between 2012 and 2016, we measured the efficacy of the herbicide against established plants of N. trichotoma and its residual activity against recruiting seedlings. Mortality, as an average across the five sites, was 93% 1.5 years after applying 1.49 kg flupropanate/ha (the label-recommended rate), and 100% at 2.98 kg/ha. This indicates that an application rate higher than the label rate will be necessary for complete control of a N. trichotoma infestation. The presence of 1,000 and 6,250 visible seedlings of N. trichotoma/ha in the autumn 3.2 and 2.1 years after applying 1.49 kg flupropanate/ha (at a Greta Valley and Scargill site respectively) indicates that the herbicide’s soil residues had decayed within 12 months to a concentration lower than necessary to kill the germinating seedlings of N. trichotoma.

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Health Literacy and Long-Term Care Needs among Thai Elderly in Rural Communities

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand ◽

10.35755/jmedassocthai.2020.12.11213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (12) ◽

pp. 1315-1324

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptom ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Long Term Care ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Care Needs ◽

Term Care ◽

Study Results

Background: Factors related to long-term care needs have been studied widely, but there is limited research about the influence of health literacy on long-term care needs among the elderly in rural communities where the social context and care environment are uniquely different. Objective: To examine factors influencing long-term care needs among Thai elderly in rural communities. Materials and Methods: The present study used the cross-sectional design. The study sample included 477 elderly persons, who were members of the communities in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select participants. They were interviewed using the demographic and health information questionnaire, the Thai Geriatric Depression Scale (TGDS), the health literacy scale of Thai adults and long-term care needs questionnaire. The selected factors examined as independent variables included some demographic factors, depressive symptom, and health literacy. Results: The present study results revealed significant positive relationships existing between long-term care needs with age and depressive symptom, while negative relationships between income and health literacy were reported. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that four of nine determinants of long-term care needs: age, depressive symptom, health knowledge and understanding, and ability managing their health condition significantly predicted long-term care needs at a level of 18% (R² adjusted=0.18, p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study results showed associations between personal and health literacy factors with long-term care needs. These findings prove that it is vitally important for healthcare professionals to consider the rural elderly’s mental health status and health literacy when providing care and planning treatment. Keywords: Health literacy, Long-term care needs, Rural community

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Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/223/2020-pse ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 468-476

Author(s):

Miroslav Jursík ◽

Martin Kočárek ◽

Michaela Kolářová ◽

Lukáš Tichý

Keyword(s):

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Application Rate ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Vertical Transport ◽

Application Rates ◽

High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.

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