scholarly journals Structural Variations in the Genome of Potato Varieties of the Ural Selection

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
Georgiy A. Lihodeevskiy ◽  
Elena P. Shanina
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Nucleotide Composition ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
First Results ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Chromosomal Mutations

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most common plant crop in the world. Many studies, such as those using marker-assisted selection (MAS), are devoted to the genomic evaluation of potato. However, the nucleotide composition of some markers has not been described yet, and some regions of the genome remain unknown. Thus, the development of new marker systems for further genetic selection is required. Whole-genome sequencing and the search for structural variants (SVs) should further develop molecular genetic studies of the potato crop. In this paper, we will show the first results of our studies of the three backcrossed varieties Alaska, Argo, and Shah, which were selected for sequencing. Alaska is a patented variety with confirmed resistance to pathogens, while Argo and Shah are new perspective varieties. We sequenced genomes of these varieties using a nanopore platform. As a result, we identified more than 24,000 authentic structural variants with lengths varying from 4 bp to 100 Mbp. Deletion was found to be the most common type of structural variant in the genome and the genes. The majority of SVs are located in non-coding regions, including introns. However, a quarter of the genes of the sequenced varieties have some chromosomal mutations. Some genes responsible for resistance to abiotic stress and pathogens were duplicated, while genes of nucleic acid polymerization and few metabolic proteins were deleted.

scholarly journals Why are supercentenarians so frequently found in French Overseas Departments? The cases of Guadeloupe and Martinique

Genus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Vallin
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
First Results ◽  
Special Protocol

Abstract Many more cases of supercentenarians are observed in the French Départements d’Outre-Mer (DOM) than in metropolitan France. A first possible explanation is that the standard French protocol for validating age does not sufficiently cover DOMs. However, if additional checks can confirm the verity of this phenomenon, forming explanatory hypotheses can be relevant and quite interesting. Thanks to an INED research funding, a special protocol of deep age checking has been established to be applied to the two DOMs where the phenomenon is the most pronounced: Guadeloupe and Martinique. First results not only show that combining several additional checks does not leave much room for further doubting the ages of supercentenarians but they also support some arguments in favor of a possible fundamental explanation: genetic selection due to the extreme severity of mortality inflicted on their slave ancestors.

scholarly journals High Heritabilities for Antibiotic Usage Show Potential to Breed for Disease Resistance in Finishing Pigs

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Wim Gorssen ◽  
Dominiek Maes ◽  
Roel Meyermans ◽  
Jürgen Depuydt ◽  
Steven Janssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
On Farm

The use of antimicrobials in animal production is under public debate, mainly due to the risk of transfer of resistance to pathogenic bacteria in humans. Therefore, measures have been taken during the last few decades to reduce antibiotic usage in animals, for instance, by national monitoring programmes and by improving animal health management. Although some initiatives exist in molecular genetic selection, quantitative genetic selection of animals towards decreased antibiotic usage is an underexplored area to reduce antibiotic usage. However, this strategy could yield cumulative effects. In this study, we derived new phenotypes from on-farm parenteral antibiotic records from commercially grown crossbred finishing pigs used in the progeny test of Piétrain terminal sires to investigate the heritability of antibiotics usage. Parenteral antibiotic records, production parameters and pedigree records of 2238 full-sib pens from two experimental farms in Belgium between 2014 and 2020 were analysed. Heritability estimates were moderate (18–44%) for phenotypes derived from all antibiotic treatments, and low (1–15%) for phenotypes derived from treatments against respiratory diseases only. Moreover, genetic correlations between these new phenotypes and mortality were low to moderate (0.08–0.60) and no strong adverse genetic correlations with production traits were found. The high heritabilities and favourable genetic correlations suggest these new phenotypes, derived from on-farm antibiotics records, to be promising for inclusion in future pig breeding programs to breed for a decrease in antibiotics usage.

scholarly journals High heritabilities for antibiotic usage show potential to breed for disease resistance in finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Gorssen ◽  
Dominiek Maes ◽  
Roel Meyermans ◽  
Jurgen Depuydt ◽  
Steven Janssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
On Farm

The use of antimicrobials in animal production is under public debate, mainly due to the risk of transfer of resistance to pathogenic bacteria in humans. Therefore, measures have been taken during the last decades to reduce antibiotic usage in animals, for instance by national monitoring programmes and by improving animal health management. Although some initiatives exist in molecular genetic selection, quantitative genetic selection of animals towards decreased antibiotic usage is an underexplored area to reduce antibiotic usage. However, this strategy could yield cumulative effects. In this study we derived new phenotypes from on-farm parenteral antibiotic records from commercially grown crossbred finishing pigs used in the progeny test of Pietrain terminal sires to investigate the heritability of antibiotics usage. Parenteral antibiotic records, production parameters and pedigree records of 2238 full-sib pens from two experimental farms in Belgium between 2014 and 2020 were analysed. Heritability estimates were moderate (18-44%) for phenotypes derived from all antibiotic treatments, and low (1-15%) for phenotypes derived from treatments against respiratory diseases only. Moreover, genetic correlations between these new phenotypes and mortality were low to moderate (0.08-0.60) and no strong adverse genetic correlations with production traits were found. The high heritabilities and favourable genetic correlations suggest these new phenotypes derived from on-farm antibiotics records to be promising for inclusion in future pig breeding programs to breed for a decrease in antibiotics usage.

scholarly journals The molecular genetics of the human I locus and molecular background explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2081-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-Chih Yu ◽  
Yuh-Ching Twu ◽  
Ming-Lun Chou ◽  
Marion E. Reid ◽  
Alan R. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Congenital Cataracts ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Partial Association ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Epithelium Cells ◽  
Insight Into

The human i and I antigens are characterized as linear and branched repeats of N-acetyllactosamine, respectively. Conversion of the i to the I structure requires I-branching β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. It has been noted that the null phenotype of I, the adult i phenotype, is associated with congenital cataracts in Asians. Previously, the identification of molecular changes in the IGnT gene, associated with the adult i phenotype, has been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that the human I locus expresses 3 IGnT forms, designated IGnTA, IGnTB, and IGnTC, which have different exon 1, but identical exons 2 and 3, coding regions. The molecular genetics proposed for the I locus offer a new perspective on the formation and expression of the I antigen in different cells and provide insight into the questions derived from investigation of the adult i phenotype. Molecular genetic analyses of the Iloci of the 2 adult i groups, with and without congenital cataracts, were performed, and enzyme function assays and expression patterns for the 3 IGnT transcripts in reticulocytes and lens-epithelium cells were analyzed. The results suggest a molecular genetic mechanism that may explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts and indicate that a defect in theI locus may lead directly to the development of congenital cataracts. The results also suggest that the human blood groupI gene should be reassigned to the IGnTC form, not the IGnTB form, as described previously.

Yield and phosphorus nutrition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. ‘Delaware’ grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand containing freshly- and previously-applied Alkaloam - gypsum

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
R. C. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Unamended Soil ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Phosphorus Fertiliser

Summary. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. ‘Delaware’ were grown over winter on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with Alkaloam–gypsum (AG; previously referred to as red mud–gypsum) at up to 240 t/ha, both freshly-applied (2 experiments) and applied 2.5 years earlier (1 experiment). Several levels of phosphorus fertiliser (0–600 kg P/ha) were applied to the freshly-applied AG and a single level (600 kg P/ha) was applied to the previously-applied AG. Amendment of the soil with 60 t AG/ha (freshly-applied) doubled the amount of fertiliser phosphorus retained in the top 30 cm of soil when 100 kg P/ha was applied. On freshly-applied AG, bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus showed an upward trend with level of AG, being 16 mg/kg (0–15 cm) at 0 t AG/ha and 34 mg/kg at 90 t AG/ha. This will decrease phosphorus fertiliser requirements in the following potato crop by 49% relative to unamended soil based on previously published soil test standards. Amendment with freshly-applied AG increased the level of applied phosphorus required for 99% of maximum petiole phosphorus concentration by 46 and 139% in the 2 experiments compared with unamended soil. Maximum yield was significantly reduced by 7–10% at 60 t/ha of freshly-applied AG compared with unamended soil while on residual AG it was only reduced at 240 t/ha (12%) (trend only). Yield reductions were not correlated with a reduced availability of phosphorus, however, they may have been due to a reduced availability of potassium. The concentrations in the tubers of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury and nickel did not exceed legal limits on soil amended with AG.

Under-seeding potato with nurse crops in eastern Canada: challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-706
Author(s):  
Judith Nyiraneza ◽  
Sheldon Hann ◽  
Josée Owen ◽  
Bernie J. Zebarth ◽  
Kyra Stiles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Selective Herbicide

Soil erosion can be a serious issue in eastern Canada during the 3–5 wk that it takes for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to emerge under the cool, humid climatic conditions with frequent heavy rainfall events. Seeding a fast-growing nurse crop at the same time as the potato crop can hold the soil particles in place, reduce surface crusting, and increase water infiltration. The objective of this study, conducted in Prince Edward Island and in New Brunswick in 2017, was to evaluate the effects of under-seeding potato with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) on marketable potato yield, nitrate dynamics during the growing season, and soil moisture content. Nurse crop growth was terminated mechanically (hilling), with a selective herbicide, or with a nonselective herbicide. Yield increases ranging from 9% to 91% were observed when nurse crop growth was terminated using a nonselective herbicide at both sites. Inconsistent results were obtained when a mechanical method or a selective herbicide were used, with marketable yield reduced at one site and no effect on yield at another site. There was a trend toward higher soil nitrate contents under the control than under the nurse crop treatments, though it was not consistent across sampling times. Results demonstrated that there are circumstances under which nurse crops can be successfully integrated into a potato-based system and provided future hypotheses to test. Potential confounding factors that can impact the nurse crop efficiency are discussed.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of the Application of Urban Waste Compost and Other Organic Amendments on Solanum tuberosum L.

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
María Antonieta Escobedo-Monge ◽  
Santiago Aparicio ◽  
Marlene Fabiola Escobedo-Monge ◽  
José Manuel Marugán-Miguelsanz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Urban Waste

Background: In a Mediterranean agrosystem of low productivity, a study was carried out on the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) compared to other organic and inorganic amendments on the production, quality and yield of three potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) and an advanced clone. Method: Simultaneously, the agronomic and nutritional parameters of the potato crop, the degree of bioavailability and the possible risks of heavy metal contamination were studied. Results: Two stages are observed in the yield and content of macro, micronutrients and heavy metals. The addition of all amendments and especially that of urban waste compost increased potato production and the content of macronutrients, micronutrients and heavy metals in the soils of all varieties, showing a progressive accumulation in tubers. Nevertheless, the performance is not maintained over time with a notable decrease during the second stage of its application. Conclusion: Highlighting the potato clone A7677 not only in its performance but also in the concentration of iron, zinc, copper, essential micronutrients for human consumption and especially for populations deficient in these trace elements.

scholarly journals Design of expression cassettes using the Cry1Ba1 gene for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Natalyth Erira ◽  
Alejandro Chaparro-Giraldo ◽  
Silvio López-Pazos
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Transgenic Potato ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Tecia Solanivora ◽  
Transgenic Potato Plants ◽  
Polyadenylation Signals

The most serious insect pest problem in the potato crop in Colombia is the lepidopteran Tecia solanivora that causessignificant economic losses. In this research, we designedexpression cassettes based on the cry1Ba1 gene of Bacillusthuringiensis that could confer resistance to T. solanivora via the variety Pastusa Suprema. We selected the elements of thedesigned expression cassettes through an analysis of scientificliterature and patent databases; the considered factors were theproteolytic activation of the Cry1Ba1 protoxin, modification ofcodonic use, polyadenylation signals, and cryptic splicing sites. We used a tissue-specific patatine promoter to reduce potentialbiosafety risks, because it is expressed only in the tuber. Thefreedom to operate analysis suggests that the commercial use of the designed expression cassettes in transgenic potato plants does not affect the rights of third parties in Colombia.

scholarly journals Fractionnement de la fertilisation azotée d'appoint à la suite de l'incorporation au sol de bois raméaux fragmentés: modifications de certaines propriétés biologiques et chimiques d'un sol cultivé en pomme de terre

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tremblay ◽  
C. J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Common Scab ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
P Content ◽  
Fungal Populations

A field experiment was conducted in 1992 and 1993 in a potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). Biological and chemical soil properties were investigated following incorporation of chipped ramial wood (chipped fine branchwood) combined with split applications of supplementary N fertilizer. Fungal populations showed a a temporary increase following incorporation of low C/N chipped wood, whereas bacteria and actinomycete populations remained unchanged. Chipped ramial wood did not induce development of common scab or rhizoctonia on tubers. Soil total carbon (C) and water-holding capacity increased with inputs of chipped wood but C/N ratio and pH were not affected. Only available P content decreased following incorporation of chipped wood, likely due to immobilization by microorganisms. Splitting supplementary N fertilizer showed little effect on soil chemical properties, but it reduced the incidence of common scab on tubers in 1992. Soil amendment with chipped ramial wood in combination with split N applications improved biological activity and caused a short-term increase of total C. Key words: Chipped ramial wood, Chipped fine branchwood, split N fertilization, fungal populations, microbial biomass, immobilization, phosphorus

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