scholarly journals The Lack of Knowledge on the Microbiome of Golf Turfgrasses Impedes the Development of Successful Microbial Products

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Uli Stingl ◽  
Chang Jae Choi ◽  
Braham Dhillon ◽  
Marco Schiavon
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
High Water ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Golf courses have a significant environmental impact. High water demands and the intensive use of agricultural chemicals have been a concern for decades and are therefore in the focus of efforts to make golf courses more environmentally sustainable. Products based on modifying or using plant-associated microbiota are one of the fastest-growing sectors in agriculture, but their application on turfgrasses on golf courses is so far negligible. In this review, we summarize the limited knowledge on microbiomes of golf turf ecosystems and show that the lack of holistic studies addressing the structure and function of golf turf microbiomes, including their responses to intense turf management procedures, is currently the main bottleneck for development and improvement of reliable, well-functioning microbial products. We further highlight the endosphere of turfgrasses, which is easily accessible for microbial cultivation through constant mowing, as the most stable and protected micro-environment. Many grass species do possess endophytic bacteria and fungi that have been shown to improve the plants’ resistance towards microbial pathogens and insect pests, and several products using endophyte-enhanced grass varieties are commercially successful. We anticipated that this trend would tee-off on golf courses, too, once a more comprehensive understanding of golf turf microbiomes is available.

scholarly journals The Lack of Knowledge on the Microbiome of Golf Turfgrasses Impedes the Development of Successful Microbial Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uli Stingl ◽  
Chang Jae Choi ◽  
Braham Dhillon ◽  
Marco Schiavon
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
High Water ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Golf courses have a significant environmental impact. High water demands and the intensive use of agricultural chemicals have been a concern for decades and are therefore in the focus of efforts to make golf courses more environmentally sustainable. Products based on modifying or using plant-associated microbiota are one of the fastest growing sectors in agriculture, but their application on turfgrasses on golf courses is so far negligible. In this review, we summarize the limited knowledge on microbiomes of golf turf ecosystems and show that the lack of holistic studies addressing structure and function of golf turf microbiomes, including their responses to intense turf management procedures, is currently the main bottleneck for development and improvement of reliable, well-functioning microbial products. We further highlight the endosphere of turfgrasses, which is easily accessible for microbial cultivation through constant mowing, as the most stable and protected micro-environment. Many grass species do possess endophytic bacteria and fungi that have shown to improve the plants’ resistance towards microbial pathogens and insect pests, and several products using endophyte-enhanced grass varieties are commercially successful. We anticipated that this trend would tee-off on golf courses, too, once a more comprehensive understanding of golf turf microbiomes is available.

MANAGEMENT OF NEW CULTIVARS FOR DRYLAND

1983 ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Lancashire ◽  
J.L. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
New Cultivars

Some characteristics of seed quality, establishment rates, performance in mixtures and response to grazing management of 5 new pasture plants with potential in dryland are described. On a dry hill country site in the Wairarapa, the contribution of the sown grasses established in separate plots with clovers under rotational grazing was 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot 65%; 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris 23%; 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass 22%; and 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue 13% after 2 years. The other main grass species was resident perennial ryegrass which established from buried seed (ca. 240 plants/m*) and had a major impact on the establishment and growth of the sown grasses. On a seasonally dry Manawatu flat land soil 3 grazing managementsviz. set stocked all year (S); rotational all year (R); and combination (Cl (set stocked from lambing to drafting and rotational for the remainder of the year) were applied to mixtures of the new cultivars (except that 'Grasslands Apanui' cocksfoot replaced Wana) with ryegrass and white clover stocked at 20 sheep/ha. After 3 years the contribution of the new cultivars was negligible under S and ryegrass was dominant. The R pastures became cocksfoot dominant and Matua (in winter) and chicory (in summer) contributed more than in the S system. The C system produced the most evenly balanced species contribution with only Roa remaining at (5%. A sub-trial with cocksfoot cultivars demonstrated that Wana maintained better production and tiller density ~ll,000/m2 ) than Apanui (1000/m' ) under set stocking IS). Although some of the new cultivars will require specialised management procedures to fulfil their potential in dryland, the increasing and widespread use of Matua prairie grass in farming suggests that these techniques can be adopted in commercial agriculture provided good technical information is available in a management package when the cultivar is released. Keywords: Dryland, grazing management, mixtures, Matua prairie grass, Wana cocksfoot, Roa tall fescue, Maru phalaris, Chicory

How can open innovation contribute to circular economy adoption? Insights from a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gessica Mina Kim Jesus ◽  
Daniel Jugend
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeDespite the potential of open innovation (OI) to reduce barriers to the adoption of the circular economy (CE), little is known about the integration of the two themes and how OI could contribute to a more sustainable economy. The objective of this study is to investigate how OI can contribute to the adoption of the CE.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a systematic review of the literature sampled from the Scopus and Web of Science scientific databases.FindingsThe main findings of the study are (1) the utilization of OI within CE is still a recent phenomenon, one which emphasizes the collaboration between stakeholders and the co-creation approach; (2) the collaboration of stakeholders can be applied to align the objectives of interested parties, in a joint effort to resolve the environmental problems of the three levels of CE and (3) an action-creation approach can be adopted as a strategy to encourage the participation of consumers in the development of environmentally sustainable products, which may favor the transition to the CE.Originality/valueThe article presents the state of the art on the CE guided by OI, highlighting the opportunities and challenges of the correlation between the two themes. The article also shows the theoretical and practical implications for an OI-driven circular economy.

Potential effects of global climate change on the biodiversity of plants

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Migration Response

Climatologists have observed a consistent increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past 30 years. It is predicted that CO2 levels could double the pre-industrial level of 280 ppm by the year 2100, perphaps much earlier. Climate models of doubled atmospheric CO2 predict that mean temperatures will increase between 1.5 and 4.5 °C globally; these temperature changes will be greater at high latitudes. Mid-continental regions will experience lower rainfall. Predictions of species northward range shifts in response to climate change vary from 100 km to over 500 km. Historical evidence of species range movements following the Pleistocene indicate that tree species typically migrated at rates of 10 km to 40 km per century. A simulation model that predicts the migration response of trees through modern fragmented landscapes predicts migration rates much lower than Pleistocene observations. Thus migration response is likely to lag far behind rates of climatic change, potentially threatening narrowly distributed species whose predicted future ranges do not overlap with their current range. Insect pests and microbial pathogens should respond to climatic warming faster than long-lived trees. Predicted increased drought frequency may increase plant stress and thereby increase the frequency of insect outbreaks and disease. Predictions of species responses are complicated by direct effects of increased CO2, such as increased water-use efficiency. However, response to elevated CO2 varies among species. Thus, shifts in composition within plant communities are also likely, but are, as yet, unpredictable.

scholarly journals When Appearance Misleads: The Role of the Entomopathogen Surface in the Relationship with Its Host

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Francesco Brivio ◽  
Maristella Mastore
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Invasive Control

Currently, potentially harmful insects are controlled mainly by chemical synthetic insecticides, but environmental emergencies strongly require less invasive control techniques. The use of biological insecticides in the form of entomopathogenic organisms is undoubtedly a fundamental resource for the biological control of insect pests in the future. These infectious agents and endogenous parasites generally act by profoundly altering the host’s physiology to death, but their success is closely related to the neutralization of the target insect’s immune response. In general, entomopathogen parasites, entomopathogenic bacteria, and fungi can counteract immune processes through the effects of secretion/excretion products that interfere with and damage the cells and molecules typical of innate immunity. However, these effects are observed in the later stages of infection, whereas the risk of being recognized and neutralized occurs very early after penetration and involves the pathogen surface components and molecular architecture; therefore, their role becomes crucial, particularly in the earliest pathogenesis. In this review, we analyze the evasion/interference strategies that entomopathogens such as the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, nematocomplexes, and wasps implement in the initial stages of infection, i.e., the phases during which body or cell surfaces play a key role in the interaction with the host receptors responsible for the immunological discrimination between self and non-self. In this regard, these organisms demonstrate evasive abilities ascribed to their body surface and cell wall; it appears that the key process of these mechanisms is the capability to modify the surface, converting it into an immunocompatible structure, or interaction that is more or less specific to host factors.

What influences intention to purchase sustainable products? impact of advertising and materialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1647-1669
Author(s):  
Anshul Mandliya ◽  
Vartika Varyani ◽  
Yusuf Hassan ◽  
Anuja Akhouri ◽  
Jatin Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between Social and Environmental Accountability (SEA), Attitude towards Environmental Advertising (AEA), Materialism, and Intention to purchase Environmentally Sustainable Products (IPESP).Design/methodology/approachThe study sample consists of 205 business students from two B schools in India. Data was collected through the survey method, and the moderated-mediation model was statistically tested using SPSS Process Macro software.FindingsThe findings of the study suggest that the attitude towards social and environmental accountability (SEA) is positively associated with the intention to purchase environmentally sustainable products (IPESP). Moreover, this relationship is mediated and moderated by AEA and materialism, respectively.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study reveal that a consumer with low materialism and a positive attitude for both environmental sustainability and environmental advertising has higher chances of purchasing environmentally sustainable products.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature on sustainability by providing a basis for understanding the moderated-mediation mechanism, which affects the relationship between SEA and IPESP; two key variables that have not been examined in combination.

scholarly journals Comparing the microbial quality of traditional and industrial yoghurts

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 6020-6025 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
High Water ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Microbial Agent

The matrix of milk with high water activity (aw) and neutral pH characterized as a suitable culture for an extensive variety of microbial strains. In this regard, both pathogenic bacteria and fungi are recognized as a main microbial agent that significantly contaminated milk-based products especially yoghurt. Microbial contamination is the most common worry of yoghurt safety that they can effect on the host's healthiness status. The presence of fungi (molds and yeasts) especially Geotrichum candidum (milk mold) in industrial yoghurt and on the equipment of factory is the indicator of weak hygienic situation in producing and packing systems. Some studies have shown that the contamination in traditional yoghurts was greater than industrial ones. Aflatoxins are a cluster of metabolites of molds produced via some toxicogenic strains of Aspergillus such as A. flavus, A. nomius and A. parasiticus foodstuffs. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common mycotoxin in the yoghurt. There is a straight connection between the AFM1 existence in the product and the hazard of diseases in consumers. Accordingly, it is essential to inform fabricators and consumers about the contamination of product to decrease their possible healthiness hazards and commercial concerns. This paper provides an overview of the hygienic quality, presence of Aflatoxins, probiotics, and comparison of the microbial quality in both traditional and industrial yoghurts.

scholarly journals Sürdürülebilir Bir Çevre İçin Biyopestisit Olarak Neem

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Sadettin Ünsal
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Botanical Pesticides ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Neem Products

Pesticides have both acute and chronic effects on humans and all other warm blooded living things. In pesticide applications, few of the amount used reaches the target organisms, whereas the rest mixes into the ecosystem and leads to the deterioration of the ongoing natural balance. Therefore, growing attention has been given toward the development of alternate environmentally friendly pesticides/insecticides that would aid an efficient pest management system and also prevent chronic exposures leading to diseases. In this context, plant-derived natural products are considered valuable candidates to reverse this negative trend. Botanical pesticides are relatively safe, degradable, and are readily available sources of biopesticides. Neem is an ideal alternative candidate as a natural non-synthetic plant pesticide. The neem products have been obtained from several species of neem trees in the family Meliaceae. Array of more than 300 bioactive compounds in the neem tree makes it a unique plant with potential applications in pest and vector management. Botanical pesticides, such as neem, have limited persistence in the environment, and ultraviolet light, temperature, rainfall and other environmental factors can degrade neem. Unlike toxic synthetic insecticides, neem materials do not kill the pest, but incapacitate or neutralize it via cumulative behavioural, physiological, and cytological effects. In spite of high selectivity, neem materials affect more than 400 harmful species including insect pests, phytophagous mites, mites, and ticks affecting man and animals, parasitic protozoans, noxious molluscs, plant parasitic nematodes, pathogenic fungi, and harmful bacteria and fungi. Neem ingredients affect insects in various ways such as repellent, antifeedant, toxic, fecundity and growth regulatory effects. This review presents an overview of recent advances in research on the environmental impact of neem products and their use and effectiveness as a biopesticide.

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