scholarly journals Diversity and Composition of Rumen Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa in Goats and Sheep Living in the Same High-Altitude Pasture

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suo Langda ◽  
Chenguang Zhang ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Ba Gui ◽  
De Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Environmental adaptation of ruminants was highly related to microbiota in the rumen. To investigate the diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen of high-altitude animals, amplicon gene sequencing was performed using rumen fluid samples derived from both Tibetan goats and sheep at the same pasture in a highland (altitude > 4800 m). Between these two species, the ruminal bacteria and fungi were significantly different at multiple taxonomic levels. The alpha diversity of bacteria was significantly high in goats (p < 0.05). One hundred and sixty-four and 29 Operational Taxonomy Units (OTUs) with significant differences were detected in bacteria and fungi, respectively. The abundance of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen was characterized at multiple taxonomic levels, and we determined that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Neocallimastigomycota, and Ciliophora were the most abundant bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The family Neocallimastigaceae and the genus Metadinium had cellulose degradation capacity in the rumen with high abundance, thereby, suggesting that fungi and protozoa played an essential role in rumen fermentation. In addition, by comparing microbiota in the rumen of goats and sheep it was found, that the fiber-degrading fungi genus (Cyllamyces) was increased in the rumen of sheep (p < 0.05) whereas VFA-producing bacteria (Saccharofermentans and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014) were increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in the rumen, no differences in protozoa were observed between goats and sheep (p > 0.05). Furthermore, when compared to sheep, level of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) were significantly increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggested microbiota in the rumen drive goats to better adapt to high-altitude grazing conditions.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Rumen Microbiota and Volatile Fatty Acid Profiles of Weaned Goat Kids under Shrub-Grassland Grazing and Indoor Feeding

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Jiazhong Guo ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Bin Miao ◽  
Bo Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Feeding Systems

In this study, we conducted comparative analyses to characterize the rumen microbiota and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles of weaned Nanjiang Yellow goat kids under shrub-grassland grazing (GR), shrub-grassland grazing and supplementary feeding (SF), and indoor feeding (IF) systems. We observed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the concentrations of total VFA and the proportions of acetate and butyrate in the rumen fluid among the three groups, whereas the proportions of propionate and the acetate/propionate ratio did not differ substantially. Alpha diversity of the rumen bacterial and archaeal populations in the GR and SF kids was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the IF goat kids, and significant differences (p < 0.05) in similarity were observed in the comparisons of GR vs. IF and SF vs. IF. The most predominant bacterial phyla were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes across the three groups, and the archaeal community was mainly composed of Euryarchaeota. At the genus and species levels, the cellulose-degrading bacteria, including Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, were abundant in the GR and SF groups. Furthermore, 27 bacterial and 11 unique archaeal taxa, such as Lachnospiraceae, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, were identified as biomarkers, and showed significantly different (p < 0.05) abundances among the three groups. Significant Spearman correlations (p < 0.05), between the abundances of several microbial biomarkers and the concentrations of VFAs, were further observed. In summary, our results demonstrated that the adaptation to grazing required more rumen bacterial populations due to complex forage types in shrub-grassland, although the rumen fermentation pattern did not change substantially among the three feeding systems. Some microbial taxa could be used as biomarkers for different feeding systems, particularly cellulose-degrading bacteria associated with grazing.

The rates of production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. IV. Individual and total volatile fatty acids

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Weller ◽  
FV Gray ◽  
AF Pilgrim ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Acid Product ◽  
Feeding Cycle

(1) In sheep fed at 12-hr intervals on roughage diets (lucerne and wheaten hay) total volatile fatty acid production in the rumen has been measured by an isotope dilution procedure based on the infusion of a single 14C-labelled volatile fatty acid. (2) Total and individual acid production has been measured through the infusion of a mixture of 14C-labelled acids in which the proportions of individual acids were such that transfers of 14C by interconversions between the acids were balanced. (3) The findings support the view that the mixture of acids produced in the rumen is similar in composition to that present in the rumen fluid throughout the feeding cycle. Consequently it was possible to determine the production of individual acids by a relatively simple procedure requiring only the infusion of a single 14C-labelled acid and measurement of the concentration of 14C in a composite sample of the acids in the rumen fluid collected throughout the feeding cycle. This procedure is considered suitable for routine use; automatic sampling of rumen fluid still further reduces the work involved. (4) The infusion of certain mixtures of 14C-labelled fatty acids showed that the composition of the acid initially formed in the rumen was acetic 77–83%, propionic 15–18%, and butyric 1–7% according to the diet given and the time elapsed after feeding. From 50 to 80% of the butyric acid in the final volatile acid product was formed from acetic acid. Degradation of 14C-labelled butyrate formed from [1-14C] acetate in the rumen showed 93% of the 14C to be nearly evenly divided between carbon atoms C1 and C3.

Rumen fermentation characteristics of dairy cows grazing different allowances of Persian clover- or perennial ryegrass-dominant swards in spring

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Williams ◽  
G. P. Walker ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
A. R. Egan ◽  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

An experiment was conducted in which cows in early lactation grazed Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominant pastures at low or high pasture allowances in order to determine the effects of pasture type and level of feeding on rumen fermentation patterns. The hypotheses for grazing dairy cows were: (i) the consumption of Persian clover would result in a more rapid rate of degradation and less stable rumen fermentation patterns compared with perennial ryegrass; and (ii) the greater intake of cows grazing at high compared with low pasture allowances would also cause less stable rumen fermentation patterns. Stability of rumen fermentation refers to the level to which rumen fluid pH declines, especially for long periods of a day, indicating that the rumen is not coping with neutralising and/or removing acids. Cows grazing Persian clover had lower (P<0.05) average daily rumen fluid pH (5.7 v. 5.9), molar proportions of acetic acid (68.3 v. 70.6%) and ratios of lipogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acid (4.6 v. 5.1) in the rumen than those grazing perennial ryegrass. They had higher (P<0.05) rumen fluid ammonia-N (26.3 v. 13.0 mg/100 mL) and total volatile fatty acid (165 v. 134 mmol/L) concentrations and molar proportions of butyric (11.3 v. 10.7%) and propionic (17.2 v. 16.1%) acids than cows grazing perennial ryegrass. Cows grazing at low pasture allowances had a higher (P<0.05) average daily rumen fluid pH (5.9 v. 5.7) and lower rumen fluid ammonia-N (18.6 v. 20.7 mg/100 mL) and total volatile fatty acid (143 v. 156 mmol/L) concentrations than cows grazing at high pasture allowances. Cows given Persian clover at the high allowance had a rumen fluid pH less than 6.0 for the entire day while rumen fluid pH was below 6.0 for at least 15 h of the day on all the other treatments. There was no effect (P>0.05) of pasture allowance on the degradation rate of perennial ryegrass dry matter, but the higher allowance of Persian clover resulted in the highest (P<0.05) rate of degradation of dry matter compared with either ryegrass treatment or the low allowance of Persian clover. The effective dry matter degradability of Persian clover was greater (P<0.05) than that of perennial ryegrass, and the effective dry matter degradability of herbage in cows grazing at low allowances was greater (P<0.05) than at higher allowances. However, future research should consider neutral detergent fibre degradation in grazing dairy cows with low rumen fluid pH levels.

Recovery of the fibrolytic microorganisms from rumen fluid by flocculation for simultaneous treatment of lignocellulosic biomass and volatile fatty acid production

2020 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 120626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Takizawa ◽  
Kenichi Abe ◽  
Yasuhiro Fukuda ◽  
Mengjia Feng ◽  
Yasunori Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

scholarly journals Live Bacillus subtilis natto Promotes Rumen Fermentation by Modulating Rumen Microbiota In Vitro

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1519
Author(s):  
Meinan Chang ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Jingya Wei ◽  
Junhao Liu ◽  
Xuemei Nan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Natto ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Previous studies have shown that Bacillus subtilis natto affects rumen fermentation and rumen microbial community structure, which are limited to detect a few microbial abundances using traditional methods. However, the regulation of B. subtilis natto on rumen microorganisms and the mechanisms of microbiota that affect rumen fermentation is still unclear. This study explored the effects of live and autoclaved B. subtilis natto on ruminal microbial composition and diversity in vitro using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the underlying mechanisms. Rumen fluid was collected, allocated to thirty-six bottles, and divided into three treatments: CTR, blank control group without B. subtilis natto; LBS, CTR with 109 cfu of live B. subtilis natto; and ABS, CTR with 109 cfu of autoclaved B. subtilis natto. The rumen fluid was collected after 0, 6, 12, and 24 h of fermentation, and pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined. The diversity and composition of rumen microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results revealed LBS affected the concentrations of NH3-N, MCP, and VFAs (p < 0.05), especially after 12 h, which might be attributed to changes in 18 genera. Whereas ABS only enhanced pH and NH3-N concentration compared with the CTR group (p < 0.05), which might be associated with changes in six genera. Supplementation with live B. subtilis natto improved ruminal NH3-N and propionate concentrations, indicating that live bacteria were better than autoclaved ones. This study advances our understanding of B. subtilis natto in promoting ruminal fermentation, providing a new perspective for the precise utilization of B. subtilis natto in dairy rations.

scholarly journals Alteration of Bacterial Communities in Anterior Nares and Skin Sites of Patients Undergoing Arthroplasty Surgery: Analysis by 16S rRNA and Staphylococcal-Specific tuf Gene Sequencing

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1977
Author(s):  
Søren Iversen ◽  
Thor Bech Johannesen ◽  
Anna Cäcilia Ingham ◽  
Sofie Marie Edslev ◽  
Staffan Tevell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Staphylococcal Species ◽  
Tuf Gene ◽  
Staphylococcus Hominis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Arthroplasty Surgery

The aim was to study alterations of bacterial communities in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty to assess the impact of chlorhexidine gluconate soap decolonisation and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. A Swedish multicentre, prospective collection of samples obtained from elective arthroplasty patients (n = 83) by swabbing anterior nares, skin sites in the groin and the site of planned surgery, before and after arthroplasty surgery, was analysed by 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene sequencing and a complementary targeted tuf gene sequencing approach to comprehensively characterise alterations in staphylococcal communities. Significant reductions in alpha diversity was detected for both bacterial (p = 0.04) and staphylococcal (p = 0.03) groin communities after arthroplasty surgery with significant reductions in relative Corynebacterium (p = 0.001) abundance and Staphylococcus hominis (p = 0.01) relative staphylococcal abundance. In nares, significant reductions occurred for Staphylococcus hominis (p = 0.02), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (p = 0.02), and Staphylococcus pasteuri (p = 0.003) relative to other staphylococci. Staphylococcus aureus colonised 35% of anterior nares before and 26% after arthroplasty surgery. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most abundant staphylococcal species at all sampling sites. No bacterial genus or staphylococcal species increased significantly after arthroplasty surgery. Application of a targeted tuf gene sequencing approach provided auxiliary staphylococcal community profiles and allowed species-level characterisation directly from low biomass clinical samples.

scholarly journals The Effect of Multistage Ammoniation on Fiber Fraction and Digestibility of Maize Stover in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dakaew ◽  
A. Abrar ◽  
A. Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fiber Fraction ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover in vitro. Maize stover was treated by a multistage technique of different urea connect ration (8%, 4%, and 2%) and incubation for 14 days at room temperature.Digestibility of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and pH concentration were observed. However treatment maize stover and multistage ammoniation maize stover were composed by using T-test student as the statistic. There were not significantly different on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover. However, multistage ammoniation decreased ADF fraction by 56.67% to45.39%. The DM digestibility of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also increased by 35.18 to 45.91. The total VFA and N-ammonia of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also higher than control.Keywords: Ammoniation, Digestibility, in vitro, Maize stover

The effects of essential oil and condensed tannin on fermentation and methane production under in vitro conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Pinski ◽  
Mevlüt Günal ◽  
Amer A. AbuGhazaleh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Tannin Extract ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The potential of five different essential oils (EO) and quebracho condensed tannin extract (QCT) as antimethanogenic additives in ruminant feeds were investigated. The first experiment was conducted to screen the effects rosemary oil, sage oil, cinnamon oil (CNO), eucalyptus oil and myrrh oil at 500 mg/L of culture fluid on methane (CH4) production under in vitro conditions. Rumen contents were collected from a cannulated Holstein dairy cow and used for a 24-h batch-culture experiment. Treatments were a control (CON) or CON plus EO at 500 mg/L. Results showed that CNO decreased CH4 production and, therefore, was selected for Experiment 2. The second experiment was designed to test the effects of CNO at three different dose levels on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch-culture experiments. Treatments were CON or CON plus CNO supplemented at 125, 250 and 500 mg/L. Relative to CON, CNO decreased total gas production at the 250 and 500 mg/L doses. All doses of CNO decreased CH4 production. Total volatile fatty acid production was lower in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. Ammonia-N concentration decreased in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. The third experiment was designed to test the effects of QCT on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch cultures. Treatments were CON or CON plus QCT at 25, 50 and 75 g/kg of diet DM. Relative to CON, total volatile fatty acid concentration increased with the 50 g/kg QCT, but was similar to the 25 and 75 g/kg QCT. The proportions of acetate decreased, while the proportions of propionate increased with the 25 g/kg QCT compared with CON. Methane production was not affected in cultures incubated with QCT. Relative to CON, all doses of QCT decreased ammonia-N concentration. In conclusion, results from the present study showed that except for CNO, EO tested in the study had no effects on rumen CH4 production. Addition of CNO to rumen cultures at 125 and 250 mg/L reduced CH4 production without negative effects on rumen fermentation. Quebracho condensed tannin-extract supplementation had no effects on CH4 production and fermentation parameters except for ammonia-N concentration.

scholarly journals Cellulose Degradation by Micromonosporas Recovered from Freshwater Lakes and Classification of These Actinomycetes by DNA Gyrase B Gene Sequencing

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (22) ◽  
pp. 7080-7084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre B. de Menezes ◽  
Robert J. Lockhart ◽  
Michael J. Cox ◽  
Heather E. Allison ◽  
Alan J. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Single Cluster

ABSTRACT A number of Micromonospora strains isolated from the water column, sediment, and cellulose baits placed in freshwater lakes were shown to be able to degrade cellulose in lake water without any addition of nutrients. A selective isolation method was also developed to demonstrate that CFU arose from both spores and hyphae that inhabit the lake environment. Gyrase B gene sequencing performed on the isolates identified a number of new centers of variation within Micromonospora, but the most actively cellulolytic strains were recovered in a single cluster that equated with the type species of the genus, M. chalcea.

scholarly journals Observations on the microbiology and biochemistry of the rumen in cattle given different quantities of a pelleted barley ration

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
J. Hyldgaard-Jensen ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. S. Reid ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Rumen Ph

1. Three heifers were changed from a diet of equal parts of hay and barley cubes (50:50 diet) to one entirely of barley cubes given in three equal feeds throughout the day. Feed intake was restricted to 80% of calculated appetite at the time of change and this percentage progressively decreased as the live weights of the animals increased.2. The change of diet had no significant effect on the volume of rumen fluid but the rate of outflow from the rumen was significantly lower on the barley diet than on the 50:50 diet.3. Animals on the restricted barley diet developed an exceptionally high rumen ciliate population and the bacterial population was shown by Gram films to include a number of organisms typical of roughage-fed animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant but these appeared largely as cocco-bacilli in the Gram films. This microbial population was associated with a higher proportion of butyric acid than of propionic acid in the rumen fluid.4. Occasional fluctuations in ciliate populations occurred in all three heifers. Decreases in ciliate number were paralleled by increases in propionic acid and decreases in butyric acid but not necessarily by a fall in pH. Under these conditions Gram films showed increases in bacteriodes-type rods and in certain curved Gram-negative rods.5. Rumen ammonia concentrations were on average lower and showed a different diurnal pattern when ciliate numbers were reduced. Lactic acid concentrations were low and were not affected by the size of the ciliate population.6. When the three heifers were given the barley dietad lib. there was a decrease in rumen pH and a complete loss of rumen ciliates. The rumen bacterial population and the volatile fatty acid proportions were similar to those seen during decreases in ciliate number at the restricted level of intake. These changes also occurred in a fourth heifer which was changed fairly rapidly from the 50:50 diet to a restricted amount of the barley diet.7. Two steers which had never had access to roughage were changed fromad lib. to restricted intake of the barley diet and were later given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. The rumen microbial population and the pattern of fermentation so produced were similar to those found in the heifers on the restricted barley diet.8. Anomalous values were noted for total counts of rumen bacteria when free starch grains were present in the rumen fluid.9. It is concluded that large ciliate populations and high proportions of butyric acid can be produced in animals fed exclusively on a barley diet by suitable adjustment of the intake and the method of feeding. It is postulated that the ciliate population may be largely responsible for the high butyric acid concentrations.

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