Effects of Increasing Doses of Lactobacillus Pre-Fermented Rapeseed Product with or without Inclusion of Macroalgae Product on Weaner Piglet Performance and Intestinal Development

This study evaluated the effects of increasing doses of pre-fermented rapeseed meal (FRM) without or with inclusion of the brown macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) on weaner piglets’ performance and gut development. Ten days pre-weaning, standardized litters were randomly assigned to one of nine isoenergetic and isoproteic diets comprising (on DM basis): no supplement (negative control, NC), 2500 ppm ZnO (positive control, PC), 8, 10, 12, 15 or 25% FRM, and 10% FRM plus 0.6 or 1.0% AN. Fifty piglets receiving the same pre-weaning diets were weaned at 28 days of age and transferred to one pen, where they continued on the pre-weaning diet until day 92. At 41 days, six piglets per treatment were sacrificed for blood and intestinal samplings. The average daily gain was at least sustained at any dose of FRM (increased at 8% FRM, 28–41 days) from 18–41 days similar to PC but unaffected by inclusion of AN. The percentage of piglets that completed the experiment was increased by FRM compared to NC, despite detection of diarrhea symptoms. FRM showed quadratic dose-response effects on colon and mid-jejunum crypts depth, and enterocyte and mid-jejunum villus heights with optimum development at 8% or 10% FRM, respectively, but this was abolished when AN was also added. In conclusion, FRM sustained piglet growth performance and intestinal development similar to ZnO with an optimum inclusion level of 8–10% of dietary DM.

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Influence of Isoamylase Supplementation on Performance and α-Amylase Activities of Broilers Fed Maize-Soybean Meal Diets

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.104 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 295-298 ◽

pp. 104-108

Author(s):

Ling Yun Liu ◽

De Fa Sun ◽

Jun Jun Li ◽

Xiang Hua Tang ◽

Yue Lin Mu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

The Difference ◽

Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted to study the inﬂuence of isoamylase supplementation to maize-soybean diets on productive performance and amylase activities of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age.The results showed that different dose of isoamylase（300g/T,600 g/T,900 g/T, containing 3000IU of isoamylase/g）in the maize - soybean meal diet significantly affected the performance of broilers within 1-42 days. Within 1-21 days , the average daily gain(ADG) of experimental groups( experiment I (E I) experiment II (E II) experiment III (E III) ) improved by 3.2% -10.32%(P>0.05) compared with the control groups(negative control(NC) and positive control(PC)), average daily feed intake(ADFI) improved by 0.63%-7.43%(P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio decreased by 0.55%-4.43%(P>0.05); Within 21-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups decreased by 1.38%-4.84% and ADFI by 11.89%-15.58% (P<0.05), feed conversion ratio by 5.41%-7.54% compared with that in the NC group; Within 1-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups improved by 0.54%-4.06%(P>0.05), while ADFI decreased by 0.75%-11.83% (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio by 3.97%-7.52% (P>0.05) compared with those in the negative control. Isoamylase supplementation influenced amylase activity of various parts of the chyme in digestive tract and the tissues of small intestine and pancreas. 21 d, the amylase activity in experimental groups improved by 4.67%-79.29%(P<0.05) compared with PC, α-amylase activity in the majority experimental groups were lower than PC group, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).

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Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 15-1 and fructooligosaccharide on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 challenge

10.1101/533935 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sujuan Ding ◽

Yongwei Wang ◽

Wenxin Yan ◽

Aike Li ◽

Hongmei Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Diamine Oxidase ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Daily Gain

AbstractOne-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments: basal diet challenged by saline (negative control, n-control); basal diet and challenged by E.coil O78 (positive control, p-control); supplementation with L. plantarum 15-1 at 1×108 CFU/kg challenged with E.coil O78 (LP); supplementation with FOS at 5 g/kg challenged with E.coil O78 (FOS); supplementation with L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS challenged with E.coil O78 (LP+FOS). L. plantarum 15-1 or FOS had a lowered effect (P<0.05) on crypt depth on d 14 compared with two controls, and L. plantarum 15-1, FOS and L. plantarum 15-1+FOS also reduced relative to p-control on d 21. L. plantarum 15-1 reduced the level of diamine oxidase (DAO) at d 14 and 21 compared with p-control (P<0.05), the broilers with L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS increased the concentration of IgA and IgG relative to two control, and decreased diamine oxidase (DAO) compared with p-control (P 0.05). L. plantarum 15-1 increased the concentration of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in comparison with p-control at d 14 (P<0.05), FOS improved the level of valeric acid and total SCFA relative to p-control at d 21 (P<0.001), the broilers fed L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS were increased the level of butyric acid at d 14 (P<0.05). FOS enhanced bursal index of broilers at d 21 (P<0.05). L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS did no effect on the growth performance. In conclusion, FOS can promote average daily gain, L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS can improve intestinal morphology, and increase the concentration of SCFA in cecal contents in broilers challenged with E.coil O78. These results suggest that L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS have effective mitigation to E. coil O78 via lowing reducing the intestinal injury and enhancing the immune responses.

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PSVI-4 Effect of phytase on mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 400-401

Author(s):

Charmaine D Espinosa ◽

Deepak Velayudhan ◽

Yueming Dersjant-Li ◽

Janet Remus ◽

Hans-Henrik H Stein

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Digestible Amino Acids ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn. A positive control (PC) diet that met nutrient requirements and a negative control (NC) diet that was deficient in total Ca (-0.16%), digestible P (-0.14%), metabolizable energy (-50 kcal/kg), and digestible amino acids (-0.02%) were formulated. Eight additional diets were formulated by adding 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 phytase units/kg of a novel bacterial 6-phytase (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) to the NC diet. A randomized complete block design with 400 weanling pigs (5.82 ± 0.70 kg), 10 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 10 replicate pens per diet was used. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 28 d. Fecal samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on d 26 to 28. Linear and quadratic effects of PhyG and PhyB were determined using polynomial contrast statements. Contrast statements were used to compare effects of PC diet with NC diet, and to compare effects of PhyG diets with PhyB diets. Overall, pigs fed the NC diet had reduced growth performance (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the NC diet (Table 1). Linear (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases in overall average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs were observed as dietary concentrations of PhyG or PhyB increased. Increasing levels of PhyG or PhyB linearly increased (P < 0.01) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca. PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P < 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, both phytases are effective in increasing mineral digestibility and growth performance in pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn; however, PhyG improved P digestibility more than PhyB.

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Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Rapeseed with or without Macroalgae on Performance and Health of Piglets Following Omission of Medicinal Zinc from Weaner Diets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gizaw D. Satessa ◽

Paulina Tamez-Hidalgo ◽

Yan Hui ◽

Tomasz Cieplak ◽

Lukasz Krych ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Production Performance ◽

Saccharina Latissima ◽

Intestinal Development ◽

Gender Specific

The feeding of medicinal zinc oxide (ZnO) to weaner piglets will be phased out after 2022 in Europe, leaving pig producers without options to manage post-weaning disorders. This study assessed whether rapeseed meal, fermented alone (FRM) or co-fermented with a single (Ascophylum nodosum; FRMA), or two (A. nodossum and Saccharina latissima; FRMAS) brown macroalagae species, could improve weaner piglet performance and stimulate intestinal development as well as maturation of gut microbiota in the absence of in-feed zinc. Weaned piglets (n = 1240) were fed, during 28–85 days of age, a basal diet with no additives (negative control; NC), 2500 ppm in-feed ZnO (positive control; PC), FRM, FRMA or FRMAS. Piglets fed FRM and FRMA had a similar or numerically improved, respectively, production performance compared to PC piglets. Jejunal villus development was stimulated over NC in PC, FRM and FRMAS (gender-specific). FRM enhanced colon mucosal development and reduced signs of intestinal inflammation. All fermented feeds and PC induced similar changes in the composition and diversity of colon microbiota compared to NC. In conclusion, piglet performance, intestinal development and health indicators were sustained or numerically improved when in-feed zinc was replaced by FRM.

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Evaluation of a novel threonine source for nursery pig diets

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Dalton Humphrey ◽

Spenser Becker ◽

Jason Lee ◽

Keith Haydon ◽

Laura Greiner

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Covariance Structure ◽

Treatment Phase ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Nursery Pigs

Abstract Four hundred and eighty (PIC 337 X 1050, PIC Genus, Hendersonville, TN) pigs were used to evaluate a novel threonine source (ThrPro, CJ America Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) for nursery pigs from approximately 7 to 20 kg body weight (BW). After weaning, pigs were sorted by sex and fed a common diet for 1 wk. Upon completion of the first week, pigs were sorted into randomized complete blocks, equalized by weight, within 16 replications. Pigs were allocated to one of three dietary treatments: positive control (POS)—standard ileal digestible threonine-to-lysine ratio (SID; Thr:Lys) 0.60, negative control (NEG)—SID Thr:Lys ≤0.46, and alternative Thr source (TEST)—SID Thr:Lys 0.60. The alternative Thr source included fermentative biomass and was assumed to contain 75% Thr and a digestibility coefficient of 100% based on the manufacturer’s specifications. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC recommendations. Growth and intake data were analyzed as repeated measures with a compound symmetry covariance structure using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Treatment, phase, the interaction between treatment and phase, and block were included as fixed effects in the model. Differences in total removals were tested using Fisher’s Exact Test of PROC FREQ. Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. During the first 14 d, pigs fed TEST had decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 0.77 vs. 0.80, P = 0.022) compared to POS and increased G:F (0.77 vs. 0.73, P < 0.001) compared to NEG. Over days 14–28, pigs fed TEST had similar G:F (0.71 vs. 0.70, P = 0.112) compared to POS and increased G:F (0.71 vs. 0.63, P < 0.001) compared to NEG. Overall (days 0–28), pigs fed TEST had similar average daily gain (ADG; 0.47 vs. 0.47 kg/d, P = 0.982) and G:F (0.76 vs. 0.74, P = 0.395) compared to POS and increased ADG (0.47 vs. 0.43 kg/d, P < 0.001) and G:F (0.76 vs. 0.67, P < 0.001) compared to NEG. The average daily feed intake was not significantly different across treatments for the entirety of the study. In conclusion, the replacement of crystalline L-Thr with a novel Thr source resulted in similar growth performance in nursery pigs from approximately 7 to 20 kg.

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THE EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF ISOLATION, OR VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN, HIGH FIBRE HULL FRACTION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEALS ON RAT OR PIG PERFORMANCE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas78-093 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 743-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. J. KENNELLY ◽

F. X. AHERNE ◽

A. J. LEWIS

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Gain Ratio ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pig Performance ◽

Daily Gain

Forty-eight crossbred pigs of average initial weight 21 kg were fed 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and 10% Candle RSM as partial replacements for soybean meal (SBM). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed the SBM diet consumed less feed, gained significantly (P < 0.01) faster and were more efficient at converting feed to gain than those fed the RSM diets. Performance of pigs fed Candle RSM was not significantly different to that obtained with Tower RSM. In a second experiment, dehulled Tower RSM and Tower RSM hulls were mixed in amounts to produce RSM with crude fibre levels of 6.8, 10.8, 13.5 and 15.8%. The simulated RSM and Tower and Candle RSM were used to completely replace SBM in the diets of weanling (75 g) Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed SBM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Tower or Candle RSM, or diets containing the rapeseed meats. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in ADG, feed intake or feed to gain ratio of rats fed either Tower or Candle RSM. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations increased while average daily gain decreased with increasing level of hulls in simulated RSM diets. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in thyroid weight between rats fed SBM, Tower RSM or Candle RSM.

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Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800009206 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 635-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. I. Fernandez ◽

B. W. Woodward ◽

B. E. Stromberg

Keyword(s):

Diatomaceous Earth ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Anthelmintic Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Food Conversion ◽

Faecal Samples

AbstractThirty crossbreed steer calves were randomly assigned to one of three feedlot treatment groups to evaluate the effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) as an anthelmintic treatment and its effect on subsequent growth performance. Steers were adapted to a cereal-based diet for 15 days on the farm of origin and given an additional 21 days to adjust to the feedlot diet. Calves had not been dewormed prior to starting the study. On day 0 (2 January 1996) the positive control group of steers (CONV; no. = 11) was given 10 mg/kg of albendazole, a second group began receiving (on day 2) 0·3 kg of diatomaceous earth (DE; no. = 9) mixed daily with their food for 46 days and the negative control group (CTRL, no. = 9) received no anthelmintic treatment. Rectal faecal samples were collected upon arrival at the feedlot and the resulting egg counts showed that all steers were positive for nematodes and coccidia. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 15, 28 and every 28 days thereafter to determine faecal egg counts. The last sample was taken on the day of slaughter. On day 0, the average count for all calves was over 70 eggs per g faeces (epg) for trichostrongyle type eggs; counts for Nematodirus sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris sp. and Capillaria sp. were negligible. CTRL and DE steers had higher parasite levels than CONV steers during the 1st (P < 0·01) and 2nd months (P < 0·05) after treatment. Egg counts for CTRL and DE groups decreased in March and none of the groups differed (P > 0·05) significantly for the remainder of the study. Coccidia levels decreased over time similarly for all groups. Offering 20 g DE per kg food intake for 46 days to beef steers on a high cereal -based diet had no effect (P > 0·05) on body weight, average daily gain, dry-matter intake, food conversion or days on food compared with the untreated control steers. Cumulative food conversion during the first 2 months was better for CONV than for DE and CTRL steers (P < 0·01) but did not differ between the latter two groups (P > 0·05). Cumulative food conversion for the rest of the study remained the same for all groups (P > 0·05). CONV calves required fewer days on food than DE calves (P < 0·05) but about the same number as CTRL calves (P > 0·10). Steers in the DE group required a similar number of days on food (230·22 ± 7·86 days) to reach target end points as CTRL steers (218·75 ± 8·34 days; P > 0·05) but more days than CONV calves (201·64 ± 7·11 days; P > 0·05).

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EFFECTS OF STEAM PELLETING DIETS CONTAINING TWO VARIETIES OF RAPESEED MEAL ON PIG PERFORMANCE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas79-072 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 577-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. NARENDRAN ◽

G. H. BOWMAN ◽

S. J. SLINGER

Keyword(s):

Energy Level ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Backfat Thickness ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Pig Performance ◽

G Ratio ◽

Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted during the late fall and winter months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts to study the effects on pig performance of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM) and lysine-HCl (0.1%) supplemented corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash (corn was medium-ground) and steam pellets. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio, F/G) and carcass backfat thickness were measured in pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. The energy level in the RSM diets was not adjusted to equal that in the corn-SBM diet. Pigs fed Tower RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake and backfat thickness and pigs fed Candle RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and higher (P < 0.01) F/G compared to the pigs fed SBM. The pigs fed corn-SBM-Tower RSM had a higher (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and lower (P < 0.01) F/G ratio than those fed Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting of the corn-SBM and corn-SBM-RSM diets improved ADG, feed intake and F/G of the pigs, with the effects being greatest for the RSM diets.

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Dietary ractopamine promotes growth, feed efficiency and carcass responses over a wide range of available lysine levels in finisher boars and gilts

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an11351 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. V. Rikard-Bell ◽

J. R. Pluske ◽

R. J. van Barneveld ◽

B. P. Mullan ◽

A. C. Edwards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Levels ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Herd Health ◽

Wide Range ◽

Energy Ratios ◽

Available Lysine ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Daily Gain

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance and carcass responses of finisher boars and gilts offered a range of dietary lysine levels and three levels of dietary ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC). The study involved three experiments of 90 pigs each, totalling 270 individually penned pigs in a 2 by 5 by 3 factorial design comprising two sexes (gilts, boars), five levels of dietary lysine [0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, and 0.72 g available lysine per MJ of digestible energy (DE), respectively] and three RAC dose regimes (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. An outbreak of pneumonia (Actinobaccilus pleuropneumonia) at Day 26 in Experiment 1 compromised Day 28 data; however, Day 21 data was considered suitable across all three experiments. The results indicate that 0.56 g available lysine/MJ DE is sufficient to maximise average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight in gilts. Control boars indicated that ADG and FCR were not limited by the lysine : energy ratios fed in this study. Increasing levels of dietary lysine linearly increased ADG (P < 0.001), improved FCR (P < 0.001) and increased carcass weight (P = 0.001). Likewise, increasing dietary RAC further improved ADG (P = 0.001), FCR (P = 0.002) and carcass weight (P = 0.075) linearly. The critical lysine levels calculated for ADG and FCR in gilts fed diets supplemented with RAC were less than required for controls. Boars had higher critical lysine levels than gilts when supplemented with dietary RAC, and increasing dietary RAC increased critical lysine levels for ADG and FCR in gilts and boars. An interaction (P = 0.016) between dietary lysine and RAC occurred for FCR, such that the response to 5 mg/kg dietary RAC diminished in diets containing 0.64 g and 0.72 g available lysine/MJ DE; however, these diets elicited a response when supplemented with 10 mg/kg RAC. Responses in ADG, FCR and carcass weight to dietary RAC were noted when dietary lysine was at or below the current recommendations for RAC diets, and it was suggested that this may have been due to reduced efficiency of lysine utilisation due to chronic disease challenge. A Sex × RAC interaction (P = 0.027) occurred for carcass P2, indicating the higher RAC dose reduced carcass P2 in boars but not in gilts. When formulating finisher pig diets between 60 and 90 kg liveweight, consideration of the lysine : energy requirements for boars and gilts is needed in order to maximise ADG, FCR and carcass characteristics. When supplementing pigs with dietary RAC, a wide range of lysine : energy levels maybe employed; however, this is dependent on RAC inclusion level and probably herd health.

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Intestinal microbiota modulation and improved growth in pigs with post-weaning antibiotic and ZnO supplementation but only subtle microbiota effects with Bacillus altitudinis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-01826-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo ◽

Peadar G. Lawlor ◽

Samir Ranjitkar ◽

Paul Cormican ◽

Carmen Villodre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Negative Control ◽

Lower Body ◽

Bacillus Altitudinis ◽

Lower Body Weight ◽

Beneficial Impact ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Daily Gain

AbstractThe objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary Bacillus altitudinis spore supplementation during day (D)0–28 post-weaning (PW) and/or D29–56 PW compared with antibiotic and zinc oxide (AB + ZnO) supplementation on pig growth and gut microbiota. Eighty piglets were selected at weaning and randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: (1) negative control (Con/Con); (2) probiotic spores from D29–56 PW (Con/Pro); (3) probiotic spores from D0–28 PW (Pro/Con); (4) probiotic spores from D0–56 PW (Pro/Pro) and (5) AB + ZnO from D0–28 PW. Overall, compared with the AB + ZnO group, the Pro/Con group had lower body weight, average daily gain and feed intake and the Pro/Pro group tended to have lower daily gain and feed intake. However, none of these parameters differed between any of the probiotic-treated groups and the Con/Con group. Overall, AB + ZnO-supplemented pigs had higher Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae and lower Lactobacillaceae and Spirochaetaceae abundance compared to the Con/Con group, which may help to explain improvements in growth between D15–28 PW. The butyrate-producing genera Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia were more abundant in the Pro/Con group compared with the Con/Con group on D35 PW. Thus, whilst supplementation with B. altitudinis did not enhance pig growth performance, it did have a subtle, albeit potentially beneficial, impact on the intestinal microbiota.

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