scholarly journals Inflammasome Activation in Bovine Peripheral Blood-Derived Macrophages Is Associated with Actin Rearrangement

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Amin Tahoun ◽  
Kirsty Jensen ◽  
Hanem El-Sharkawy ◽  
David Gally ◽  
Amira M. Rizk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Bovine Macrophage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Actin Localization ◽  
Actin Rearrangement

Inflammation is critical for infection control and acts as an arsenal defense mechanism against invading microbes through activation of the host immune system. It works via its inflammasome components to sense the dangerous invading microorganism and send messages to the immune system to destroy them. To date, the function of bovine macrophage inflammasome and its relationship with actin has not been identified. This study aimed to investigate the activation of bovine inflammasome by phase one flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium and its interaction with actin. Bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were prepared and challenged with S. typhimurium SL1344 phase one flagellin. The results demonstrated the relationship between the flagellin-based activation of inflammasome and actin rearrangement. The flagellin-based activation of inflammasome promoted the activation and co-localization of F-actin and the inflammasome complex. Actin was remodeled to different degrees according to the stage of inflammasome activation. The actin redistribution varied from polymerization to filopodia, while at the stage of pyroptotic cell death, actin was broken down and interacted with activated inflammasome complexes. In conclusion, flagellin-dependent inflammasome activation and actin localization to the inflammasome at the stage of pyroptotic cell death may be of importance for appropriate immune responses, pending further studies to explore the exact cross-linking between the inflammasome complex and actin.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Host-Microbial Relationship: Immune Response to Microbial Infections with or without Medication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustina Pappoe ◽  
Samuel Victor Nuvor
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
The Relationship

Immune responses of the host to any infectious agents vary in controlling the pathogens. The process begins by the entry of microorganisms into the host to initiate host immune response to understand the type of microorganisms and react accordingly for possible elimination of the organisms. In some cases the host co-exists with the pathogens or unable to effectively deal with them leading to disease condition. Thus, the pathogens establish, multiply and cause disease. The review considered the mode of acquisition of infection, pathogenesis and immune responses to microbial infection. Other areas included the enhancement of immune responses to control infection, immune responses of the host under drug treatment and the control of microbial infection. The understanding of the relationship between infectious microbes and the host immune system leading to protective immunity or disease state will give much information about treatment and controlling of microbial infection in our environment.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity in the development of ulcerative colitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Zou ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Shu Jiang ◽  
Dawei Qian ◽  
Jinao Duan
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
The Relationship

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a nonspecific inflammatory disease, is characterized by inflammation and mucosal damage in the colon, and its prevalence in the worldwide is increasing. Nevertheless, the exact pathogenesis of UC is still unclear. Accumulating data have suggested that its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors, microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses. Generally, UC is aroused by inappropriate immune activation based on the interaction of host and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between microbiota and host immune system in the pathogenesis of UC is complicated. However, increasing evidence indicates that the shift of microbiota composition can substantially influence intestinal immunity. In this review, we primarily focus on the delicate balance between microbiota and gut mucosal immunity during UC progression.

An appraisal of survival strategies

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mitchison
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immunology ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defence System ◽  
Bio Engineering

Only a few years ago parasite immunology looked an unattractive subject better left to the dogged specialists. Parasites and hosts had been playing chess together for a million years, and there seemed little prospect of perturbing matters in favour of the host immune system. All that has changed, for three reasons. Firstly, we have learned how to grow at least some parasites in vitro, and prospects of doing so with others are encouraging. Secondly, progress in cellular immunology has revealed the sort of loopholes in the host defence system which parasites are likely to exploit: we are learning the questions which matter about parasites as antigens. Thirdly, and most importantly, molecular genetics is being brought to bear on parasites: we can now see a real, though long-term, prospect of manufacturing practicable vaccines through bio-engineering, and more immediately it gives us the tools needed to probe the host immune responses in the form of cloned antigens.

scholarly journals Role of the microbiome in human development

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello ◽  
Filipa Godoy-Vitorino ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Martin J Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Development

The host-microbiome supraorganism appears to have coevolved and the unperturbed microbial component of the dyad renders host health sustainable. This coevolution has likely shaped evolving phenotypes in all life forms on this predominantly microbial planet. The microbiota seems to exert effects on the next generation from gestation, via maternal microbiota and immune responses. The microbiota ecosystems develop, restricted to their epithelial niches by the host immune system, concomitantly with the host chronological development, providing early modulation of physiological host development and functions for nutrition, immunity and resistance to pathogens at all ages. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in human development, including evolutionary considerations, and the maternal/fetal relationships, contributions to nutrition and growth. We also discuss what constitutes a healthy microbiota, how antimicrobial modern practices are impacting the human microbiota, the associations between microbiota perturbations, host responses and diseases rocketing in urban societies and potential for future restoration.

scholarly journals Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Targets for Immune Interventions

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Silveira Freitas ◽  
Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato ◽  
Andre Moreira Pessoni ◽  
Marcio L. Rodrigues ◽  
Arturo Casadevall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

ABSTRACT The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by fungi is a fundamental cellular process. EVs carry several biomolecules, including pigments, proteins, enzymes, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. EVs may play a pivotal role in the establishment of fungal infections, as they can interact with the host immune system to elicit multiple outcomes. It has been observed that, depending on the fungal pathogen, EVs can exacerbate or attenuate fungal infections. The study of the interaction between fungal EVs and the host immune system and understanding of the mechanisms that regulate those interactions might be useful for the development of new adjuvants as well as the improvement of protective immune responses against infectious or noninfectious diseases. In this review, we describe the immunomodulatory properties of EVs produced by pathogenic fungi and discuss their potential as adjuvants for prophylactic or therapeutic strategies.

Activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.T.W. Chen ◽  
P.C. Cheng ◽  
K.C. Chang ◽  
J.P. Cao ◽  
J.L. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Infected Mouse ◽  
Mitochondrial Damage ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Significant Release ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Egg Antigen

Abstract Schistosomiasis is an inflammatory disease that occurs when schistosome species eggs are deposited in the liver, resulting in fibrosis and portal hypertension. Schistosomes can interact with host inflammasomes to elicit host immune responses, leading to mitochondrial damage, generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of apoptosis during inflammation. This study aims to examine whether ROS and NF-κB (p65) expression elicited other types of inflammasome activation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mouse livers. We examine the relationship between inflammasome activation, mitochondrial damage and ROS production in mouse livers infected with S. mansoni. We demonstrate a significant release of ROS and superoxides and increased NF-κB (p65) in S. mansoni-infected mouse livers. Moreover, activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes was triggered by S. mansoni infection. Stimulation of HuH-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells with soluble egg antigen induced activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that S. mansoni infection promotes both NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation.

scholarly journals Review on the Relationship between Human Polyomaviruses-Associated Tumors and Host Immune System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Delbue ◽  
Manola Comar ◽  
Pasquale Ferrante
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Associated Tumors ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

The polyomaviruses are small DNA viruses that can establish latency in the human host. The name polyomavirus is derived from the Greek rootspoly-, which means “many,” and -oma, which means “tumours.” These viruses were originally isolated in mouse (mPyV) and in monkey (SV40). In 1971, the first human polyomaviruses BK and JC were isolated and subsequently demonstrated to be ubiquitous in the human population. To date, at least nine members of thePolyomaviridaefamily have been identified, some of them playing an etiological role in malignancies in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we describe the biology of human polyomaviruses, their nonmalignant and malignant potentials ability, and their relationship with the host immune response.

Leishmanial selenoproteins and the host immune system: towards new therapeutic strategies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
Sajad Rashidi ◽  
Kurosh Kalantar ◽  
Paul Nguewa ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Abstract Optimum levels of selenoproteins are essential for starting and managing the host immune responses against pathogens. According to the expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites, and since high levels of selenoproteins lead to adverse effects on immune cells and their functions, Leishmania parasites might then express selenoproteins such as selenomethionine in their structure and/or secretions able to challenge the host immune system. Finally, this adaptation may lead to evasion of the parasite from the host immune system. The expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites might then induce the development of infection. We therefore suggest these molecules as new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Inhibitory pattern recognition receptors

2021 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevž Rumpret ◽  
Helen J. von Richthofen ◽  
Victor Peperzak ◽  
Linde Meyaard
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Inhibitory Receptors ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In situations such as contact with commensals or during physiological cell death, the immune system should not respond to these patterns. Hence, immune responses need to be context dependent, but it is not clear how context for molecular pattern recognition is provided. We discuss inhibitory receptors as potential counterparts to activating pattern recognition receptors. We propose a group of inhibitory pattern recognition receptors (iPRRs) that recognize endogenous and microbial patterns associated with danger, homeostasis, or both. We propose that recognition of molecular patterns by iPRRs provides context, helps mediate tolerance to microbes, and helps balance responses to danger signals.

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