scholarly journals Application of Apparent Metabolizable Energy versus Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Poultry Feed Formulations: A Continuing Conundrum

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2174
Author(s):  
M. Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Markus Wiltafsky-Martin ◽  
Velmurugu Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

In the present investigation, N retention, AME, and AMEn data from six energy evaluation assays, involving four protein sources (soybean meal, full-fat soybean, rapeseed meal and maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles [DDGS]), are reported. The correction for zero N retention, reduced the AME value of soybean meal samples from different origins from 9.9 to 17.8% with increasing N retention. The magnitude of AME penalization in full-fat soybean samples, imposed by zero N correction, increased from 1.90 to 9.64% with increasing N retention. The Δ AME (AME minus AMEn) in rapeseed meal samples increased from 0.70 to 1.09 MJ/kg as N-retention increased. In maize DDGS samples, the correction for zero N retention increased the magnitude of AME penalization from 5.44 to 8.21% with increasing N retention. For all protein sources, positive correlations (p < 0.001; r = 0.831 to 0.991) were observed between the N retention and Δ AME. The present data confirms that correcting AME values to zero N retention for modern broilers penalizes the energy value of protein sources and is of higher magnitude for ingredients with higher protein quality. Feed formulation based on uncorrected AME values could benefit least cost broiler feed formulations and merits further investigation.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF MEALS AND MEAL FRACTIONS DERIVED FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. SARWAR ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
T. F. SHARBY ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Energy Fraction

Low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) (B. napus 'Bronowski'), rapeseed meal fractions (hulls, detailed meal, dehulled and water-washed meal, lyophilized water extract) derived from Bronowski and from a high glucosinolate rapeseed (B. napus 'Oro'), yellow mustard (B. hirta) hulls and meal were subjected to chemical and nutritional evaluations. Oat hulls and soybean meal were included for comparison. Proximate, amino acid and glucosinolate analyses and feeding experiments were conducted. The processed meals, hulls and extracts were included in diets to provide 8, 12 and 16% dietary crude protein in conjunction with a purified basal fraction containing 5% casein. The toxic effects of glucosinolates fed with active myrosinase were confirmed. Glucosinolates included in soybean meal (SBM) control diets were innocuous. Removal of rapeseed hulls increased digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein contents, but the inclusion of the hulls in high energy, non-rapeseed meal (RSM) diets had no adverse effects on growth of mice or efficiency of feed utilization. Dehulled RSM had lower DE than SBM, partly due to lower digestibility of the non-hull, non-protein energy fraction. Dehulling increased the protein content of RSM, decreased the lysine content of the protein and improved the digestibility of protein. Protein quality tests (Protein Efficiency Ratio and Apparent Biological Value) showed protein of RSM to be equal to that of soybean meal.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and apparent metabolizable energy in corn and soybean meal for organic broiler chicken production in Ontario

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Leung ◽  
Elijah G. Kiarie
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Feed

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) in samples of organic corn and soybean meal (SBM) were determined. Conventional corn (CC) and SBM (CSBM) samples were tested for comparison. A total of 560, fourteen-day-old male broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were weighed, placed in cages (10 birds per cage), and allocated to seven (n = 8) semi-purified wheat-starch-based diets. Diets were (1) CC, (2) imported organic corn, (3) local organic corn, (4) CSBM, (5) imported organic SBM (OSBMI), (6) local organic SBM (OSBML), and (7) nitrogen-free wheat starch. Only few differences were observed on SID of AA; SID of lysine was lower (P = 0.002) in organic corn samples relative to CC, and SID of methionine was lower (P = 0.002) in OSBML sample relative to CSBM and OSBMI samples. The AMEn of CC was higher (P < 0.01) than that of organic corn samples. The AMEn of OSBML was higher (P < 0.001) than for CSBM and OSBMI; however, the value for OSBMI was higher (P < 0.001) than for CSBM. In conclusion, utilization of AA in conventional and organic feedstuffs was comparable; however, differences in energy utilization warrant considerations in organic broiler feed formulation.

Nutritional value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 1. Energy content and protein quality

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Visitpanich ◽  
ES Batterham ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
High Fibre Content ◽  
Similar Growth

Two lines of chickpea meal (CPI 56296-b of low fibre content, and CPI 61277 of high fibre content) and one pigeonpea meal (UQ 50) were evaluated, relative to soybean meal, as energy and protein sources for growing pigs and rats. The digestible and metabolizable energy contents of the three protein sources were (MJ kg-1, air-dry basis): chickpea CPI 56296-b, 16.2 and 15.3; chickpea CPI 61277, 14.9 and 14.3; and pigeonpea meal, 15.1 and 14.2, respectively. Both lines of chickpea produced a similar growth performance to soybean meal for growing pigs. Feeding pigeonpea meal resulted in a lower dressing percentage (P < 0.05), and growth rate and feed conversion ratio were inferior on a carcass basis (P < 0.01) relative to the other three diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness or lean content in the ham between the groups of pigs fed on the four diets. With rats, both lines of chickpea produced lower dressing percentages and carcass gains relative to soybean meal (P < 0.05). Pigeonpea was inferior, on a carcass basis, to both soybean and chickpea meals. We conclude that both chickpea meals were suitable as energy and protein sources for pigs, and that short-term rat assays predicted the pig response for pigeonpea but not for chickpea meal.

scholarly journals Effects of Fermentation on Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Rapeseed Meal Fed to Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1774
Author(s):  
Zhengke Wu ◽  
Jiao Liu ◽  
Jiang Chen ◽  
Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a common protein ingredient in animal diets, while the proportion of RSM in diets is limited because of its anti-nutritional factors. Fermentation based on mixed microbial strains appears to be a suitable approach to improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal in animal feed. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fermentation on the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in RSM fed broilers. The AME and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of RSM and fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) were determined by the substitution method, with RSM and FRSM proportionally replacing the energy-yielding components of the basal diet by 30%. Results show that fermentation improved AME and AMEn of RSM from 7.44 to 8.51 MJ/kg and from 7.17 to 8.26 MJ/kg, respectively. In the second experiment, two experimental diets were formulated, with RSM and FRSM being the sole sources of amino acids. A nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was also formulated to determine endogenous amino acids losses (EAAL). Feeding on FRSM resulted in higher (p < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, arginine, and phenylalanine. No significant differences between RSM and FRSM were found for AID and SID of asparagine, histidine, threonine, serine, glutamine, praline, glycine, methionine, and cystine. FRSM had greater AMEn values and SID of amino acids compared to RSM, therefore, FRSM was nutritionally superior to RSM in broiler diets.

scholarly journals Metabolizable Energy of Soybean Meal and Canola Meal as Influenced by the Reference Diet Used and Assay Method

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2132
Author(s):  
Shravani Veluri ◽  
Oluyinka Abiona Olukosi
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Test Protein ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Diet Type

A 21-day experiment was conducted to study the effect of reference diet type and assay method on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected (AMEn) of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM). Broilers (n = 240) were allocated to 10 treatments with eight replicates/treatment and three birds/replicate. Treatments included corn-SBM or corn-CM reference diets (RD). To each RD, 300 or 450 g/kg of SBM or CM were added to make a total of eight test diets. For the difference method, AME of SBM and CM substituted at 300 g/kg in corn-CM RD gave greater AME values compared to inclusion in the corn-SBM RD. The AMEn of SBM increased with increase in inclusion level in the corn-CM RD but AMEn of CM decreased with increased inclusion level of CM in the corn-SBM RD. For the regression method, AME and AMEn of the test feedstuffs were greater with corn-CM RD compared with corn-SBM RD. The AME of SBM was not affected by assay method, whereas AME of CM was lower when determined using the regression method. In conclusion, both the reference diet type and assay method influenced assayed AME and AMEn value of test protein feedstuffs and should be considered in cross-studies comparisons.

scholarly journals Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

Abstract The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P &lt; 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P &lt; 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.

Metabolizable energy values of corn and wheat middlings in broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dunaway ◽  
Sunday A. Adedokun
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate adaptation length (AL) and composition of reference diets on nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in 22-d-old broilers. Birds were allocated to nine treatments (n = 6) consisting of wheat – soybean meal (SBM) (reference diet), corn–wheat–SBM, and wheat middlings (WM)–wheat–SBM (exp. 1), or oats–SBM (reference diet), corn–oats–SBM, and WM–oats–SBM (exp. 2) in conjunction with three AL (12, 8, and 4 d) in a factorial arrangement of treatments (3 × 3). Dry matter (DM), N, energy (En) utilization, and AMEn of corn and WM were determined using the difference method. In exp. 1, birds on the WM–wheat–SBM-based diet had the lowest (P < 0.05) DM, N, and En utilization, as well as AMEn compared with the other two diets. Additionally, AMEn for corn was higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of WM. In exp. 2, N utilization in birds on the corn–oats–SBM-based diet was lower (P < 0.05) compared with birds on the oats–SBM-based diet; however, AMEn of corn and WM was not different. In both experiments, AL was not significantly different. Based on these results, the composition of the reference diet could influence AMEn values of corn and WM in 22-d-old broilers.

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF TOWER AND CANDLE RAPESEEDS AND RAPESEED MEALS DETERMINED IN TWO LABORATORIES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
H. J. LIKUSKI
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ground Seed ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

True metabolizable energy (TME) of soybean meal and rapeseed products was determined in two laboratories by feeding the ingredients singly or mixed with a basal diet. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) was also determined on the same samples and the values compared with TME. TME results between the two laboratories agreed well for the soybean meal and rapeseed meals obtained either by feeding the ingredients alone or with the assay diet, but with whole rapeseeds there was wide disagreement. This was due to poor and variable utilization of the whole seeds by birds in the two laboratories. AME values for the whole rapeseeds were considerably lower than expected, but the values for the rapeseed meals were as anticipated. Grinding significantly (P < 0.01) increased the AME of Tower and Candle rapeseed and the TME of Candle rapeseed. Tower and Candle rapeseed meals did not differ significantly in TME or AME; nor were there differences in the ground seed of the two cultivars.

The Effects upon the intake and performance of store lambs of supplementing grass silage with barley, fish meal and rapeseed meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yilala ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which individually-penned Suffolk × (Blue-faced Leicester × Swaledale) lambs were given complete diets based on grass silage, and voluntary intake, live-weight gain and nitrogen (N) retention were measured.Experiment 1 investigated the effects of supplements of fish meal (0, 60 and 120 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)) and barley (0, 150 and 300 g/kg diet DM) in a 3 × 3 design using 72 lambs. The lambs averaged 35 kg live weight at the start of the 47-day experiment. Fish-meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and metabolizable energy (ME), and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Barley supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM and ME, but reduced silage DM intake; live-weight gain, carcass weight and N retention were all improved.Experiment 2 investigated the effects of supplements of rapeseed meal (0 and 120 g/kg diet DM) in two forms (untreated and formaldehyde-treated) and barley (0 and 150 g/kg diet DM) in a 2 × 2 × 2 design with two missing treatments and using 48 lambs. The lambs averaged 39 kg live weight at the start of the 42-day experiment. Rapeseed meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and ME, and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Form of rapeseed meal had no effect. Barley increased diet DM and ME intakes and improved daily gains and carcass weights.

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