scholarly journals Applying Behavioral and Physiological Measures to Assess the Relative Impact of the Prolonged COVID-19 Pandemic Closure on Two Mammal Species at the Oregon Zoo: Cheetah (A. jubatus) and Giraffe (G. c. reticulata and G. c. tippelskirchii)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3526
Author(s):  
Laurel B. Fink ◽  
Candace D. Scarlata ◽  
Becca VanBeek ◽  
Todd E. Bodner ◽  
Nadja C. Wielebnowski
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
The Times

The effect of visitor presence on zoo animals has been explored in numerous studies over the past two decades. However, the opportunities for observations without visitors have been very limited at most institutions. In 2020, the Oregon Zoo was closed, in response to the global SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, from 15 March 2020 to 12 July 2020, resulting in approximately four consecutive months without visitor presence. This study aimed to quantify potential behavioral and hormonal changes expressed during two transition periods in zoo visitor attendance: the initial time period before and after closure in March 2020 and time before and after reopening in July 2020. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGM) concentrations of resident giraffes (n = 2) and cheetahs (n = 2) were tracked using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analyses. Average fGM concentrations during the two transition periods were compared using a two-way mixed ANOVA. Additionally, twice-weekly scan sampling was used to quantify behavioral observations across the transitions, which were analyzed as individual behavior proportions. Individual behavior proportions were compared across the Zoo’s opening status and time of day using Kruskal–Wallis (H) tests. The results of our analyses showed the following outcomes: (1) significant increases in fGM concentrations for cheetahs and giraffes between the transition periods but not within them; (2) a significant increase in time spent ‘not visible’ in the cheetahs in the second transition period; and (3) increased vigilance behaviors in the giraffes immediately after the Zoo’s closure. However, the changes observed in fGM concentrations may be more strongly correlated with concomitant social changes (giraffes) and some medical events (cheetahs) rather than with the Zoo’s opening status. Nevertheless, this study was able to quantify differences in behavioral frequencies and fGM concentration in cheetahs and giraffes at the Oregon Zoo during the times of transition between visitor’s presence and absence. The results indicate that, while there was a possible, but relatively minor impact of the presence and absence of visitors on some behaviors, the differences observed in fGM concentration may have been more affected by some of the concomitant social changes and medical events that happened during the same period than by the presence or absence of visitors.

Parathyroid gland before and after cisplatin treatment

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 860-861
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal ◽  
J.M. Fadool
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dna Strands

Cisplatin (CDDP) a potent antitumor agent suffers from severe toxic side effects with nephrotoxicity being the major dose-limiting factor, The primary mechanism of its action has been proposed to be through its cross-linking DNA strands. It has also been shown to inactivate various transport enzymes and induce hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia that may be the underlying cause for some of its toxicities. The present is an effort to study its influence on the parathyroid gland for any hormonal changes that control calcium levels in the body.Male Swiss Wistar rats (Crl: (WI) BR) weighing 200-300 g and of 60 days in age were injected (ip) with cisplatin (7mg/kg in normal saline). The controls received saline injections only. The animals were injected (iv) with calcium (0.5 ml of 10% calcium gluconate/day) and were killed by decapitation on day 1 through 5. Trunk blood was collected in heparinized tubes.

Spatiotemporal distribution of foraging in a marine predator: behavioural drivers of hotspot formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 187-202
Author(s):  
T Brough ◽  
W Rayment ◽  
E Slooten ◽  
S Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Effects ◽  
Marine Predator ◽  
Marine Predators ◽  
Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
The Times ◽  
Passive Acoustic ◽  
Spatial Locations

Many species of marine predators display defined hotspots in their distribution, although the reasons why this happens are not well understood in some species. Understanding whether hotspots are used for certain behaviours provides insights into the importance of these areas for the predators’ ecology and population viability. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of foraging behaviour in Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori, a small, endangered species from New Zealand. Passive acoustic monitoring of foraging ‘buzzes’ was carried out at 4 hotspots and 6 lower-use, ‘reference areas’, chosen randomly based on a previous density analysis of visual sightings. The distribution of buzzes was modelled among spatial locations and on 3 temporal scales (season, time of day, tidal state) with generalised additive mixed models using 82000 h of monitoring data. Foraging rates were significantly influenced by all 3 temporal effects, with substantial variation in the importance and nature of each effect among locations. The complexity of the temporal effects on foraging is likely due to the patchy nature of prey distributions and shows how foraging is highly variable at fine scales. Foraging rates were highest at the hotspots, suggesting that feeding opportunities shape fine-scale distribution in Hector’s dolphin. Foraging can be disrupted by anthropogenic influences. Thus, information from this study can be used to manage threats to this vital behaviour in the locations and at the times where it is most prevalent.

Pituitary responses to a dopamine antagonist at different times of the day in normal women

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Pérez-López ◽  
C. M. González-Moreno ◽  
M. D. Abós ◽  
J. A. Andonegui ◽  
R. H. Corvo
Keyword(s):  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
The Times ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. In order to determine whether or not pituitary responsiveness to the dopaminergic antagonist clebopride changes during the nyctohemeral cycle, 10 healthy women with regular cycles were given 1 mg of clebopride orally at 09.00 h and 24.00 h with at least a 5 day interval between each test. In addition, 5 of the women were given a placebo instead of clebopride at midnight to evaluate the spontaneous hormonal changes. During the 24.00 h test the women had significantly higher P < 0.05) mean TSH basal levels. Serum prolactin (Prl) increased significantly (P < 0.001) after clebopride administration while these changes did not occur when placebo was used instead of clebopride at midnight. The Prl response to clebopride was qualitatively similar at 09.00 h and at 24.00 h. Clebopride given at midnight induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum TSH while this change did not occur when the drug was given at 09.00 h or when placebo was given at midnight. The administration of clebopride resulted in no discernible alterations in serum LH, FSH or GH in either the 09.00 h or the 24.00 h tests. Thus, Prl responses to clebopride were similar in the morning and at midnight, TSH significantly increased after clebopride at midnight whereas this did not occur when the drug was given in the morning, and no significant changes were induced in LH, FSH or GH at the times studied.

Print Media and the Political Reform in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 3356-3371
Author(s):  
Negesse Gessese
Keyword(s):  
Social Changes ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Content Selection ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Issue Frames

This research examines the agenda and frames used by the Reporter newspaper editorial coverage of issues and actors before and after the reform in Ethiopia. The study applies a quantitative content analysis method and examined 99 (Period 1 = 57 and Period 2 = 42) editorials in all periods. The source of data and the period of data collection were purposely selected. The results indicated that societal issues, government, and party issues were frequent in both periods. The professional journalist was the only Author in both periods. More government criticism and more reforms were mentioned before the reform. Compared with editorials published before and after the reform, noticeable changes were observed in government critique, attribution of responsibility frames, human interest frames and economic issue frames. However, content selection, sources of information, mentioned reforms, conflict relationship frames, and ideological frames didn’t have relationship with the date of publication. Finally, the Reporter editorials coverage did change significantly in many respects, although it is difficult to determine the causes of the changes—economic factors, reduced political control, social changes or globalization forces.

Making Americans Feel Great Again? Personal Significance Predicts Political Intentions of Losers and Winners of the 2016 US Election

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jasko ◽  
Joanna Grzymala-Moszczynska ◽  
Marta Maj ◽  
Marta Szastok ◽  
Arie W. Kruglanski
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Personal Significance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Times

Reactions of losers and winners of political elections have important consequences for the political system during the times of power transition. In four studies conducted immediately before and after the 2016 US presidential elections we investigated how personal significance induced by success or failure of one’s candidate is related to hostile vs. benevolent intentions toward political adversaries. We found that the less significant supporters of Hillary Clinton and supporters of Donald Trump felt after an imagined (Study 1A) or actual (Study 2) electoral failure the more they were willing to engage in peaceful actions against the elected president and the less they were willing to accept the results of the elections. However, while significance gain due to an imagined or actual electoral success was related to more benevolent intentions among Clinton supporters (Study 1B), it was related to more hostile intentions among Trump supporters (Studies 1B, 2, and 3).

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
W. M. HUNTER ◽  
A. S. McNEILLY ◽  
R. S. SAWERS
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

Impact of Clomiphene Citrate on the Steroid Profile in Dysmetabolic Men with Low Testosterone Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (08) ◽  
pp. 520-528
Author(s):  
Carla Pelusi ◽  
Flamina Fanelli ◽  
Margherita Baccini ◽  
Giovanni De Pergola ◽  
Vincenzo Triggiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Adrenal Steroidogenesis ◽  
Steroid Profiling ◽  
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
17Β Estradiol

AbstractClomiphene citrate (CC) in male hypogonadism increases testosterone (T) and estrogen levels by stimulating pituitary gonadotropin release. Our group confirmed these hormonal changes in a randomized, cross-over, double-blind trial of CC versus placebo in addition to metformin, conducted in 21 obese dysmetabolic men with low T levels. However, we hypothesize that based on its mechanism of action, CC may directly or indirectly affect adrenal steroidogenesis. The aim of this sub-study was to better understand the changes in steroid levels and metabolism induced by CC treatment. We assessed 17α-hydroxypregnelone (17αOH-P5), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17αOH-P4), androstenedione (A), T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-deoxycortisol (11 S), cortisol (F), and cortisone (E) by LC-MS/MS, and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) by ELISA, before and after each treatment. In addition, free-F and steroid product/precursor ratios were calculated. We observed a significant change in serum levels induced by CC compared with placebo for 17αOH-P4, DHT, T, E2, E1, F, E, and CBG, but not free-F. In addition, compared to placebo, CC induced higher 17αOH-P4/P4, E2/E1, 17αOH-P4/17αOH-P5, A/17αOH-P4, T/A, E1/A, F/11 S, and F/E ratios. Therefore, besides the CC stimulating effect on testis steroidogenesis, our study showed increased F, E, but not free-F, levels, indicating changes in steroid metabolism rather than adrenal secretion stimulation. The steroid profiling also revealed the CC stimulation of the Δ5 rather than the Δ4 pathway, thus indicating considerable testicular involvement in the increased androgen secretion.

scholarly journals „Czyściec” kontra „podniebne cła” w literaturze polemicznej czasów unii w Brześciu XVI/XVII metropolia kijowska — wybrane przykłady

2019 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Alicja Z. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Popular Theology ◽  
The Times

“Purgatory” versus “celestial customs duty” in polemic literature of the times of the Union of Brest Kyivan Metropolitanate: Selected examplesIn the Kyiv Metropolitanate, reflections about the afterlife of the soul became important right before and after the Union of Brest. The familiar polemical theme of purgatory returned and the followers of the union with Rome evoked the legendary visions of celestial customs duty tollgates. The identification of both conceptions was meant to convince and convert the Orthodox to the Catholic doctrine. However, instead it brought about their reaction, prompting them to thoroughly confront both visions, demonstrate the similarities but also fundamental differences, and above all, to systematize their teachings. The polemical process of ordering eschatological beliefs begun in polemic literature and was continued by the authors of sermons, the works of popular theology, and was also reflected in official statements of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Чистилище проти митарств у полемічній літературі часів берестейської унії Київська Митрополія — вибрані прикладиДискусії довкола теми чистилища, що не були новиною уже в конфесійній полеміці, посилилися в часи Берестейської унії та сприяли відродженню серед уніатів легендарної візії піднебесних митарств. Утотожнення митарств із чистилищем стало засобом переконати православних у правильності католицької доктрини, водночас викликало активну реакцію у відповідь. Зіткнення обох концепцій виявило не тільки подібності, але і принципові розходження між ними, спирияло систематизації уявлень та переконань представників кожної зі сторін у питаннях есхатології. Полемічна література започаткували процес формування есхатологічних вірувань, який пізніше продовжили проповідники та автори праць з популярного богослов’я, що пізніше було відображено також в офіційних заявах Православної Церкви в Польсько-Литовській державі.

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