scholarly journals Indirect Influence of African Swine Fever Outbreak on the Raven (Corvus corax) Population

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Gryz ◽  
Dagny Krauze-Gryz
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Breeding Parameters ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Pellet Analysis ◽  
Forest Mosaic ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Second Period

Carrion plays a crucial role in the raven’s diet. In the past, domestic pig carrion was widely available in Poland. This changed with an African swine fever (ASF) outbreak and the introduction of strict procedures aimed at stopping the virus from spreading. We compared data from Central Poland (field and forest mosaic, study area of 105 km2) for two periods, i.e., before (2011–2014) and after the ASF outbreak (2015–2018). In breeding seasons, nests of ravens were found, juveniles were counted, and the time when juveniles left their nests was recorded. Diet composition data were based on pellet analysis and direct observations of feeding birds. The number of breeding pairs dropped from 12.3 to 7.5 in the second period. Breeding parameters were similar. However, birds in the second period had fewer fledglings per successful pair. Domestic pig carrion was found to be an important food item, and with its limited supply, ravens changed their diet, i.e., they fed on the carrion of dogs and cats or preyed on small vertebrates more often. Overall, our study points to a crucial role of the availability of the carrion of big farm animals (i.e., domestic pig) in maintaining the high density of breeding raven populations.

scholarly journals Genome Assemblies of the Warthog and Kenyan Domestic Pig Provide Insights into Suidae Evolution and Candidate Genes for African Swine Fever Tolerance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Feng ◽  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Pengju Zhao ◽  
Heng Du ◽  
Chenguang Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Phacochoerus Africanus ◽  
Contraction And Expansion

As warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) has innate immunity against African swine fever (ASF), it is critical to understanding the evolutionary novelty of warthog to explain its specific ASF resistance. Here, we present two completed new genomes of one warthog and one Kenyan domestic pig, as the fundamental genomic references to decode the genetic mechanism on ASF tolerance. Our results indicated, multiple genomic variations, including gene losses, independent contraction and expansion of specific gene families, likely moulded warthog's genome to adapt the environment. Importantly, the analysis of presence and absence of genomic sequences revealed that, the warthog genome had a DNA sequence absence of the lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) gene on chromosome 2 compared to the reference genome. The overexpression and siRNA of LDHB indicated that its inhibition on the replication of ASFV. The Combining with large scale sequencing data of 123 pigs from all over world, contraction and expansion of TRIM genes families revealed that TRIM family genes in the warthog genome were potentially responsible for its tolerance to ASF. Our results will help further improve the understanding of genetic resistance ASF in pigs.

scholarly journals A concise review on certain important veterinary viruses in the Americas

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. e1965
Author(s):  
Sebastian Giraldo-Ramirez ◽  
Santiago Rendon-Marin ◽  
Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Being There

Animals have become an essential member for our society, with roles related to company, human well-being and therapy for some diseases, and as a source of food in many populations around the world. Animals intended for human consumption like pigs and cattle, as well as companion animals, specifically cats and dogs, are constantly threatened by multiple viral agents. This puts at risk pet owners and threatens food security in the region. Considering that control or eradication is a complex problem that involves several aspects, there is a limited success in this regard for viral diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, rabies and classical or African swine fever, this review aims to show the most important characteristics, in the epidemiological context, from farm animals virus, re-emerging viruses affecting companion animals, and emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viruses. Since viral pathogens affect animal populations and human well-being, there is a need to increase efforts to control, monitor and eradicate them from livestock and companion animals. The following sections contribute to improve the understanding of these viral agents and orchestrate actions of control entities in the Americas.

scholarly journals Genome Sequences of Three African Swine Fever Viruses of Genotypes IV and XX from Zaire and South Africa, Isolated from a Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and a European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ndlovu ◽  
A.-L. Williamson ◽  
L. Heath ◽  
O. Carulei
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
European Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus ◽  
Phacochoerus Africanus

ABSTRACT We report here the genome sequences of three African swine fever virus isolates obtained from a domestic pig (Zaire [Zaire]), a warthog (RSA/W1/1999 [South Africa]), and a European wild boar (RSA/2/2004 [South Africa]) belonging to genotypes IV, XX, and XX, respectively. This report increases the number of genotype XX, wild boar, and warthog reference sequences available.

The contribution of insects to African swine fever virus dispersal: data from domestic pig farms in Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Turčinavičienė ◽  
A. Petrašiūnas ◽  
R. Bernotienė ◽  
M. Masiulis ◽  
V. Jonušaitis
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Pig Farms

scholarly journals Computational Molecular Analysis of the 5 Candidate Genes of Suidae Family Related to African Swine Fever Occurrence

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
O. O. Oluwole
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Functional Effect ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Computational Genetics ◽  
Uniprot Database ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Specific

Suidae family consisting, domestic pig, warthog and babyrousa are identified with even hooves and snout nose. They have been reported to be tolerant to African swine fever virus (ASFV) with the exception of the domestic pig. Domestic pig is valuable for humans as a source of protein all over the world, but is more susceptible to this disease. ASFV has been found in warthog and bush pig. Five candidate genes, RELA, PPP3CB, PPIA, NFKBIA, and NFATC1 have been suggested to be responsible for the genetic variation between the components of Suidae family, which may contribute to the species-specific responses to ASFV infection. This study aims to investigate the evolution, differentiation and functional function of these five genes in three species of Suidae family that are either susceptible or tolerant to ASFV using molecular computational genetics. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence (aas) of the 5 genes of pig, warthog and babyrousa were downloaded from NCBI, Essembel geneome browser, and Uniprot database. They were aligned and analysed to predict functional effect of amino acid substitution as deleterious or neutral for small insertions and deletions. The candidate genes were observed to have variants with the exception of NFKBIA. They were observed to have deleterious variants. These deleterious variants may be responsible for the susceptibility or tolerance of this family to ASF disease.

scholarly journals Emergence of African Swine Fever in Poland (2014–2021). Successes and Failures in Disease Eradication

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak ◽  
Artur Jabłoński
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Disease Eradication ◽  
Pig Production

African swine fever (ASF) in Poland has been a major concern for pig production for the last seven years. The main constrains in ASF eradication in Poland are due to the high density of wild boar in ASF-affected areas of the country. Other factors, responsible for long-distance ASF spread to new regions of the country, are mainly related to human-mediated activity and lack of awareness of the potential disease threat to pig production. In the case of pig holdings, the only effective measure of ASF prevention is strict implementation of biosecurity rules. Despite many efforts to implement these measures, the disease occurred in a number of voivodeships, poviats and counties of Poland, primarily in eastern Poland; however, starting from 2019, also in the western part of the country. Further recommendations to eradicate ASF in Poland or at least to minimize the economic loss caused by ASF in pig production include effective wild boar population management strategies along with the implementation of strict biosecurity measures. The observations from the last seven years of ASF epizootic in Poland clearly indicate that the disease could not have been effectively controlled in wild boar population and could only be restricted in domestic pig population following severe biosecurity rules. As for ASF spread control in wild boar population, the measures applied in other EU countries include active wild boar carcass search and disposal along with sanitary and reduction hunting. These measures have also been shown non-effective. The only solution for future sustainable pig production in Poland seems to be strict collaboration between pig producers, veterinary inspection, and hunting associations.

Potential routes for indirect transmission of African swine fever virus into domestic pig herds

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1472-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Sofie Olesen ◽  
Graham J. Belsham ◽  
Thomas Bruun Rasmussen ◽  
Louise Lohse ◽  
René Bødker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Indirect Transmission

scholarly journals Pigeon and Poultry Breeders, Friends or Enemies of the Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis? A Long-Term Study of a Population in Central Poland

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Gryz ◽  
Dagny Krauze-Gryz
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Breeding Parameters ◽  
Small Game ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Forest Mosaic

In this study, we focused on a goshawk population in central Poland (study area 105 km2,forests 24 km2, seven small forest complexes) which was monitored long-term (with high densitiesrecorded in the 1980s of 16.3 pairs/100 km2 despite persecution by farmers) to analyse howenvironmental factors (prey availability and changes in the forest structure) influenced populationabundance, breeding parameters, and diet composition. The study was undertaken from 2011–2018,and the results were compared with published data from two previous study periods (1982–1992and 2001–2003). The number of breeding pairs dropped from 17.1 to 8.0; the breeding success wasaround 75% in all study periods. The selection of nesting trees followed the changes in stand speciesand age structure. More nesting attempts per one nest were recorded in the current time period (1.7 vs.1.1), which probably reflected lower anthropopressure (i.e., no cases of persecution were recordedin this study). Diet composition seemed to follow changes in the prey availability: The share ofdomestic pigeons and poultry (the main prey in the 1980s) as well as small game dropped, whilethe share of Eurasian jay and wood pigeon increased. Our studies suggested that anthropogenicfood (poultry and domestic pigeons) played a key role for the goshawk population in thetransformed habitats of the field and forest mosaic.

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