scholarly journals Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis in Beef Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibukun Ogunade ◽  
Andres Pech-Cervantes ◽  
Hank Schweickart
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Illumina Hiseq4000

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a metabolic disease of ruminants characterized by low pH, with significant impacts on rumen microbial activity, and animal productivity and health. Microbial changes during subacute ruminal acidosis have previously been analyzed using quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing, which do not reveal the actual activity of the rumen microbial population. Here, we report the functional activity of the rumen microbiota during subacute ruminal acidosis. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to acidosis-inducing or control diet. Rumen fluid samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h relative to feeding from both treatments on the challenge day. A metatranscriptome library was prepared from RNA extracted from the samples and the sequencing of the metatranscriptome library was performed on Illumina HiSeq4000 following a 2 × 150 bp index run. Cellulolytic ruminal bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and R. bicirculans were reduced by an induced acidotic challenge. Up to 68 functional genes were differentially expressed between the two treatments. Genes mapped to carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, vitamin and co-factor metabolism pathways, and bacterial biofilm formation pathways were enriched in beef cattle challenged with sub-acute acidosis. This study reveals transcriptionally active taxa and metabolic pathways of rumen microbiota during induced acidotic challenge.

scholarly journals PSIX-4 Metatranscriptomic analysis of sub-acute ruminal acidosis in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-394
Author(s):  
Ibukun M Ogunade ◽  
Andres Pech Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Linear Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis

Abstract This study evaluated the functional activity of the rumen microbiota during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) using metatranscriptomics. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to control diet (CON) or acidosis-inducing diet (CHA) for 20 d. Sub-acute ruminal acidosis was induced on d 18; feed was restricted to 50% of ad libitum intake for CHA group on day 17. On day 18, ground corn grain, equivalent to 25% of the mean dry matter intake (DMI) of each steer in CHA treatment was administered directly in the rumen prior to feeding. Thereafter, rumen fluid samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, and 9 h relative to feeding from both treatments. Metatranscriptome library was prepared from RNA extracted from the samples and sequencing of metatranscriptome library was done on Illumina HiSeq4000 following a 2 x 150bp index run. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size comparisons were made between CON and CHA groups. Alpha level of 0.05 was used for both the Kruskal–Wallis and pairwise Wilcoxon tests. Linear discriminant analysis scores greater than 2.0 were used for taxonomy and 1.0 for functional genes. Additionally, functional genes enriched in both treatments were mapped to the KEGG reference metabolism pathway. Cellulolytic rumen bacteria including Fibriobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and R. bicirculans were reduced (LDA > 2.0, P < 0.05) during SARA. Up to 68 functional genes were differentially expressed between the two treatments (LDA > 1.0, P < 0.05). Genes mapped to carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, vitamin and co-factor metabolism pathways, and bacterial biofilm formation pathways (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera) were enriched in acidotic-challenged beef cattle. This study explains the pathogenicity of SARA and enhances our understanding of the response of rumen microbiome to SARA by revealing transcriptionally active taxa and metabolic pathways of rumen microbiota.

scholarly journals Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Li ◽  
G. N. Gozho ◽  
N. Gakhar ◽  
E. Khafipour ◽  
D. O. Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Ph

Li, S., Gozho, G. N., Gakhar, N., Khafipour, E., Krause, D. O. and Plaizier, J. C. 2012. Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Can J. Anim. Sci. 92: 353–364. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on measurements of feces, urine, milk and blood samples, and of feeding behavior were investigated to determine which of these measurements may aid in the diagnosis of SARA. Eight multiparous lactating dairy cows were used in a crossover design with two 6-wk experimental periods. During weeks 1, 2, and 6, cows received a control diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 58:42. During weeks 3 to wk 5, a grain-based SARA challenge (GBSC) or an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) was conducted by replacing 12% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets containing 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barley, and by replacing 26% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets of ground alfalfa, respectively. The rumen pH depression did not differ between the challenges. The GBSC increased the concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in feces and of serum amyloid A in blood, but decreased that of milk fat and urea in blood. The APSC increased the urine pH, the net-acid-base excretion, and the red blood cell count and potassium concentration in blood. Both challenges increased the concentrations of LPS and propionate in rumen fluid, protein in milk, glucose, lactate and sodium and the partial pressure of CO2in blood, and tended to decrease the concentration of chloride in blood. The measures that were similarly affected by both challenges may aid in the diagnosis of a rumen pH depression. Differences between the SARA challenges suggest that this disorder is not solely rumen pH dependent.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Insight: Dietary Thiamine Supplementation Promoted the Growth of Carbohydrate-Associated Microorganisms and Enzymes in the Rumen of Saanen Goats Fed High-Concentrate Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Along Peng ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Hongrong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Carbohydrate Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Microbiota ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Relationship

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is often caused by feeding a high-concentrate diet in intensive ruminant production. Although previous studies have shown that dietary thiamine supplementation can effectively increase rumen pH and modify rumen fermentation, the effect of thiamine supplementation on rumen carbohydrate-related microorganisms and enzymes in goats under SARA conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on carbohydrate-associated microorganisms and enzymes in the rumen of Saanen goats fed high-concentrate diets. Nine healthy mid-lactating Saanen goats in parity 1 or 2 were randomly assigned into three treatments: A control diet (CON; concentrate:forage (30:70)), a high-concentrate diet (HC; concentrate:forage (70:30)), and a high-concentrate diet with 200 mg of thiamine/kg of DMI (HCT; concentrate:forage (70:30)). Compared with the HC group, dietary thiamine supplementation improved ruminal microbes associated with fiber, including Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in the relative abundance of enzymes involved in both fiber degradation and starch degradation, such as CBM16, GH3, and GH97, was observed in the HCT treatment. (p < 0.05). Thus, thiamine supplementation can improve carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the abundance of the microorganisms and enzymes involved in carbohydrate degradation. In conclusion, this study revealed the relationship between ruminal microbiota and enzymes, and these findings contributed to solving the problems arising from the high-concentrate feeding in ruminant production and to providing a new perspective on ruminant health.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the microbial population in ruminal fluid using real time PCR in steers treated with virginiamycin

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Guo ◽  
J.Q. Wang ◽  
D.P. Bu ◽  
K.L. Liu ◽  
J.P. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virginiamycin (VM ) supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in steers. Four ruminally cannulated Chinese Luxi steers (BW 559.4 &plusmn; 30.1 kg) were used in a crossover design experiment with an experimental period of 28 days. The forage to concentrate ratio of the basal diet was 35:65 on dry matter basis. The experiment consisted of control treatment and treatment with control diet plus VM at a dose of 30 mg/kg concentrate (DM basis). Rumen fluid was collected at 07:30 prefeeding, at 11:30 and 17:30 postfeeding on day 27 and 28. A part of the pooled sample from rumen fluid was transferred to anaerobic culture by a roll-tube technique and analysed for species-specific real-time PCR quantification. The remaining pooled rumen fluid sample was analyzed for pH, VFA, ammonia N and l-lactic acid. The results showed that VM increased the ruminal pH (6.70 vs. 6.63; P &lt; 0.05), but it decreased ammonia nitrogen (4.94 vs. 6.19 mg/100 ml; P &lt; 0.01) and mean counts of amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria (P &lt; 0.01) as compared to the control. The additive VM did not affect the l-lactic acid concentration (1.39 vs. 1.26 mmol/l) in rumen fluid. Compared to the control, the steers receiving VM have altered a trend of quantification of Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Ruminococcus albus and Streptococcus bovis in rumen fluid (0.05&lt;p&lt;0.1) as compared to the control. However, VM had no significant effect on Lactobacillus spp. (P = 0.41), Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.35), on the genus Ruminococcus (P = 0.25), Ruminococcus flavefaciens (P = 0.52), Prevotella ruminicola (P = 0.54), on the genus Prevotella (P = 0.67) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.97). In this study, we found that VM had selective effects on ruminal bacteria and influenced ruminal fermentation by changing a part of the specific ruminal bacteria populations.

Effects of grain-pellet and alfalfa-pellet subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Li ◽  
E. Khafipour ◽  
D. O. Krause ◽  
L. A. González ◽  
J. C. Plaizier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Li, S., Khafipour, E., Krause, D. O., González, L. A. and Plaizier, J. C. 2011. Effects of grain-pellet and alfalfa-pellet subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 323–330. The effects of two nutritional challenges aimed at inducing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows were investigated in two separate experiments. Both experiments included eight tie-stall-housed cows that were fed once daily. Feeding behaviour of individual cows was monitored by continuously weighing the feed in the mangers. In each experiment, ruminal pH was monitored in four rumen cannulated cows. In the first experiment, cows received a control diet containing 50% mixed concentrate and 50% alfalfa and barley silage (DM basis) during weeks 1 to 5 of two subsequent 6-wk periods. During week 6 of both periods, a grain-pellet SARA challenge (GPSC) was conducted by replacing 21% of DM of the basal diet with wheat-barley pellets. Data obtained in week 4 were taken as a control. In the second experiment, cows received a control diet containing 50% of DM as mixed concentrate and 50% of DM as chopped alfalfa hay during the first week of a 5-wk period. Between week 2 and week 5, an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) was conducted by replacing alfalfa hay in the control diet with alfalfa pellets at a rate of 8% per week. Week 1 and week 5 were considered as the control and SARA challenge, respectively. In the first experiment, the GPSC reduced the meal duration from 48.9 to 38.6 min meal−1 and the eating time from 6.7 to 5.5 h d−1. Meal criteria, meal frequency, meal size, and eating rate were not affected. In the second experiment, the APSC did not affect the meal criterion, meal duration, and eating time per day, but increased dry matter intake from 18.7 to 24.3 kg d−1, meal frequency from 8.2 to 9.4 meals d−1, meals size from 2.4 to 2.7 kg DM, and eating rate from 54.8 to 67.6 g DM min−1. The duration of the first meal after feed delivery was reduced from 154.5 to 103.6 min by the GPSC and from 146.7 to 112.2 min by the APSC. This reduction in the duration of the first meal was accompanied by a reduction in the drop of the ruminal pH during the GPSC, but not during the APSC. Only the APSC increased eating rate of the first meal. Other parameters of this first meal were not affected by both challenges.

Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-821
Author(s):  
A.M. Brzozowska ◽  
K. Słoniewski ◽  
J. Oprządek ◽  
P. Sobiech ◽  
Z.M. Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Abstract One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?

scholarly journals Rumen CO2 species equilibrium might influence performance and be a factor in the pathogenesis of subacute ruminal acidosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081-1098
Author(s):  
José A Laporte-Uribe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract This experiment was conducted to explore rumen carbon dioxide (CO2) species equilibrium. Three lactating, fistulated cattle were consecutively exposed to three dietary treatments tailored to produce low rumen pH and increase the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by reducing physically effective neutral detergent fiber (Low peNDF), increasing rumen degradable starch (High RDS) or both (Combined). Under these conditions, high and varied rumen concentrations of the CO2 associated to water or dissolved CO2 (dCO2) were found. The results suggest that the activity of dCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3−) represents an important component of the rumen environment. Rumen CO2 holdup was associated with high dCO2 and HCO3− activity as well as changes in the viscosity and surface tension of the rumen fluid. All dietary treatments produced low rumen pH, &lt;5.5 for &gt;3 h/d, a condition associated with SARA, but clinical SARA was observed only during CO2 holdup. This pilot study highlights the possible role of CO2 holdup and rumen CO2 species in cattle performance and nutritional diseases. In the future, better estimations of CO2 species might help clarify these findings.

Liver transcriptome response to periparturient hormonal and metabolic changes depends on the postpartum occurrence of subacute ruminal acidosis in Holstein cows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Tsuchiya ◽  
Ena Chiba ◽  
Toshihisa Sugino ◽  
Kenji Kawashima ◽  
Shiro Kushibiki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Significant Expression

We investigated changes in rumen fermentation, peripheral blood metabolites and hormones, and hepatic transcriptomic dynamics in Holstein cows with and those without subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during the periparturient period. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were categorized in the SARA (n-=-8) or non-SARA (n-=-8) groups depending on whether they developed SARA during the 2 weeks after parturition. Reticulo-ruminal pH was measured continuously throughout the study. Rumen fluid, blood, and liver tissue samples were collected at 3 weeks prepartum and 2 and 6 weeks postpartum, with an additional blood sample collected at 0 and 4 weeks postpartum. The 1-h mean pH was depressed postpartum in both groups, whereas depression was more severe in the SARA group simultaneously with significantly longer duration of time (for pH <5.6 and 5.8). Significant expression of differentially expressed genes in liver tissue (DEGs; false discovery rate corrected P-<-0.1) were identified only in the non-SARA group, and were further analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Among the top expressed DEGs, the hepatic genes encoding lipid and cholesterol secretion (APOA1, APOA4, and G0S2) and gluconeogenesis (PC, G6PC, and PCK1) were upregulated postpartum. In silico analysis revealed the significant postpartum activation of upstream regulators, such as INSR, PPARG, and PPARGC1A. These results suggested that hepatic transcriptomic responsiveness to postpartum metabolic load and hormones were likely discouraged in cows with SARA when compared to the significant activation of genes and signaling pathways for adequate metabolic adaption to postpartum high-grain diet feeding in Holstein cows without SARA.

scholarly journals Effects of ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein cows in different stages of lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 1551
Author(s):  
G. C. KITKAS ◽  
G. E. VALERGAKIS ◽  
M. KRITSEPI-KONSTANTINOU ◽  
A. I. GELASAKIS ◽  
G. ARSENOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Solids Content

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA; implying a rumen fluid pH between 5.5 and 5.0), is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows. In this study, the effect of SARA and rumen fluid pH on milk yield and composition was assessed in dairy cows under field conditions, with repeated measurements in the same cows, at different stages of lactation. Rumenocentesis was performed in 83 Holstein cows of a commercial herd at 30, 90, and 150 days in milk (DIM). Rumen fluid pH was measured on-site using a portable pH-meter. Milk yield was also recorded at the same days. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and total solids content. For the statistical analysis, mixed linear regression models were used. Prevalence of SARA was 48.2%, 53.8% and 65.3% at 30, 90 and 150 DIM, respectively. There was a significant negative effect of SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH on milk fat content; SARA was associated with a decrease of milk fat content by 0.22%, while a one-unit increase of rumen fluid pH, even within the normal range, was associated with a 0.28% increase of milk fat content and 0.44% increase of milk total solids content. There was no effect of SARA on milk yield or protein, lactose and total solids content. In conclusion, under field conditions, SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH reduce milk fat content.

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