Diversity and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Understanding the distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from cats admitted to veterinary clinics may decrease the risk of MDR and MRS transmission to humans and other cats. As such, the objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity in Staphylococcus spp. recovered from different anatomical locations in healthy and diseased cats and to determine the occurrence of MDR and MRS spp. as well as possible risk factors associated with colonization in these cats. Five swabs were collected from the anus, skin, ear canal, conjunctival sac, and nares of each cat (209 healthy and 191 diseased) admitted to a veterinary clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between January and December 2018. Prior to sample collection, cat owners completed a questionnaire collecting information on cat demographics, health status, management, and antimicrobial usage. In total, 179 Staphylococcus isolates were recovered from healthy (n = 71) and diseased (n = 108) cats, including 94 (52.5%) coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), and 85 (47.5%) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Five Staphylococcus spp. were identified, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus felis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus isolates were most commonly resistant to penicillin (56.4%) and ciprofloxacin (25.7%); however, no isolate was resistant to clindamycin. Thirty (16.8%) Staphylococcus spp. (24 S. aureus and 6 S. pseudintermedius) isolates were MDR, with resistance to up to six different antibiotic classes. Only 17 (9.5%) Staphylococcus spp. (15 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 2 methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius) harbored the mecA gene. Risk factor analysis showed that cats with a history of antibiotic therapy, those raised mainly indoors with a child, and those who visit a veterinary clinic for treatment were at higher risk of MDR and MRS colonization. In conclusion, MDR and MRS were common in healthy and diseased cats in Saudi Arabia. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of cats as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chlamydia abortus Infection in Sheep and Goats in Eastern Saudi Arabia

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 489

Author(s):

Mahmoud Fayez ◽

Ahmed Elmoslemany ◽

Mohammed Alorabi ◽

Mohamed Alkafafy ◽

Ibrahim Qasim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Management Practices ◽

Eastern Province ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chlamydia Abortus ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Factor C

Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) is intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium that cause enzootic abortion in sheep and goats. Information on C. abortus seroprevalence and flock management risk factors associated with C. abortus seropositivity in sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia are scarce. The objectives of this study were to (i) estimate the animal, flock, and within-flock seroprevalence of C. abortus among Eastern Province sheep and goat flocks and (ii) identify the flock management and animal risk factors associated with C. abortus seropositivity in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study with a two-stage sampling process was carried out in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between 2015 and 2016. A total of 1717 sheep and 1101 goat serum samples were collected from 21 sheep and 14 goat flocks, then were tested for C. abortus antibodies using a commercial ELISA Kit. In addition, vaginal swabs and aborted tissue samples were collected from sheep (n = 48) and goats (n = 15) with recent history of abortion for detection of C. abortuspmp gene using PCR. A questionnaire was constructed to collect information about flock management and animal risk factors possibly associated with C. abortus infection in sheep and goats. The true sheep and goat-level seroprevalences were 11.1% (95% CI: 9.7–12.7) and 10.6% (95% CI: 8.8–12.5), respectively. The true flock-level seroprevalence was 100% for both sheep and goats. However, the average within sheep and goat flocks true seroprevalences were 9.6% (95% CI: 1.8–22.9) and 9.3% (95% CI: 1.8–19.5), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that introduction of new sheep to the flocks (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5–4.4), type of breeding system (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0–3.4), flocks allowing females in (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.3) or females out (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.3), and sheep age 1.4–2.8 years (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3–2.9) were potential risk factors for C. abortus seropositivity in sheep flocks. However, in goat flocks, the introduction of new goats to the flocks (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–3.0) was identified as a risk factor, whereas good farm hygiene (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2–0.7) was identified as a protective factor. C. abortus pmp gene was identified in 45 (93.8%) and 15 (100%) of samples collected from sheep and goats, respectively. These results could be used to implement efficient management measures to prevent and control C. abortus infection in sheep and goats in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, but also could be used to reduce the risk of C. abortus infection in sheep and goat flocks with similar management practices in other regions.

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Risk Factors Associated with Prevalence of Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) in Broiler Chickens in Eastern Province - Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Poultry Science ◽

10.3923/ijps.2004.646.650 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (10) ◽

pp. 646-650

Author(s):

Abdul-Rahman S. Al-A . ◽

M.A. Al-Ramadan . ◽

M.M. El-Demerdash .

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Eastern Province ◽

Factors Associated

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among goat farms in Eastern province, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and risk factors

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 84-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wael El-Deeb ◽

Mahmoud Fayez ◽

Ahmed Elmoslemany ◽

Mahmoud Kandeel ◽

Kamal Zidan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Eastern Province ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis among neonates in a hospital in Saudi Arabia

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1293 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 692-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maha Abd El Hafez ◽

Noha G. Khalaf ◽

Mohamed El Ahmady ◽

Ahmed Abd El Aziz ◽

Abd El Gawad Hashim

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care Units ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Clonal Origin ◽

Resistance Rates

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a pathogen associated with nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study investigates an outbreak of methicillin resistant S. epidermidis in an NICU in a hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A total of 41 isolates identified as Gram-positive cocci were obtained from blood culture, umbilical wound swabs and endotracheal aspirate specimens of neonates, of which 29 were identified as S. epidermidis. Bacterial identification at the species level and determination of antibiotic resistance were performed by MicroScan (Dade Behring, USA). Genotyping was completed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the mecA gene was detected by PCR. Results: All 29 S. epidermidis isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin and were positive for the mecA gene. The isolates showed several multidrug-resistance patterns; the resistance rates to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 89.7%, 86.2%, 75.9% and 72.4%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampin, synercid, and ciprofloxacin. Several genotypic and phenotypic patterns were detected among the S. epidermidis isolates: antibiogram typing showed seven different patterns, one of which was shared by 65% of the isolates, whereas the most prevalent RAPD genotype was shared by only five S. epidermidis isolates, and did not correlate with antibiotic resistance phenotype. Conclusion: The diverse clonal origin of tested isolates indicates the presence of multiple S. epidermidis strains among neonates in the NICU setting

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Risk Factors Associated With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in Colombia

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw172.870 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Liliana Valderrama Beltran ◽

Sandra Gualtero ◽

Jose Rodriguez ◽

Johanna Osorio ◽

Carlos Arturo Alvarez Moreno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Soft Tissue Infection ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Tissue Infection ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Complicated Skin

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Incidence and risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York City, 2006–2012

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881500196x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 144 (5) ◽

pp. 1014-1017 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. BAKER ◽

B. COHEN ◽

J. LIU ◽

E. LARSON

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

New York ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

New York City ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

York City ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of

SUMMARYThis study aims to describe changes in incidence and risk factors for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections upon admission to two New York City hospitals from 2006 to 2012. We examined the first hospitalization for adult patients using electronic health record and administrative data and determined the annual incidence/1000 admissions of total S. aureus, total MRSA, and CA-MRSA (within 48 h of admission) in clinical specimens over the study period. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with CA-MRSA in 2006 and 2012. In 137 350 admissions, the incidence of S. aureus, MRSA, and CA-MRSA/1000 admissions were 15·6, 7·0, and 3·5, respectively. The total S. aureus and MRSA isolations decreased significantly over the study period (27% and 25%, respectively) while CA-MRSA incidence was unchanged. CA-MRSA increased as a proportion of all MRSA between 2006 (46%) and 2012 (62%), and was most frequently isolated from respiratory (1·5/1000) and blood (0·7/1000) cultures. Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with isolation of CA-MRSA showed that age ⩾65 years [odds ratio (OR) 2·3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2–4·5], male gender (OR 1·8, 95% CI 1·2–2·8) and history of renal failure (OR 2·6, 95% CI 1·6–4·2) were significant predictors of infection in 2006. No predictors were identified in 2012.

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