Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of the Licania Rigida Leaf Ethanolic Extract against Biofilms Formed by Candida Sp. Isolates in Acrylic Resin Discs

Candida sp. treatment has become a challenge due to the formation of biofilms which favor resistance to conventional antifungals, making the search for new compounds necessary. The objective of this study was to identify the composition of the Licania rigida Benth. leaf ethanolic extract and to verify its antifungal activity against Candida sp. and its biofilms. The composition identification was performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) technique. The antifungal activity of extract and fluconazole against planktonic cells and biofilms was verified through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) following biofilm induction and quantification in acrylic resin discs by reducing tetrazolic salt, with all isolates forming biofilms within 48 h. Six constituents were identified in the extract, and the compounds identified are derivatives from phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (epi) gallocatechin Dimer, epigallocatechin and gallocatechin, Myricetin-O-hexoside, Myricitrin, and Quercetin-O-rhamnoside. The extract reduced biofilm formation in some of the strains analyzed, namely C. tropicalis URM5732, C. krusei INCQS40042, and C. krusei URM6352. This reduction was also observed in the treatment with fluconazole with some of the analyzed strains. The extract showed significant antifungal and anti-biofilm activities with some of the strains tested.

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Antifungal activity of deferiprone and EDTA against Sporothrix spp.: Effect on planktonic growth and biofilm formation

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myaa073 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽

Anderson da Cunha Costa ◽

Vandbergue Santos Pereira ◽

Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes ◽

Jonathas Sales de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Synergistic Interaction ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Yeast Form

Abstract The present study evaluated the antifungal activity of the chelators deferiprone (DFP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and their effect on biofilm formation of the S. schenckii complex. Eighteen strains of Sporothrix spp. (seven S. brasiliensis, three S. globosa, three S. mexicana and five Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto) were used. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for EDTA and DFP against filamentous forms of Sporothrix spp. ranged from 32 to 128 μg/ml. For antifungal drugs, MIC values ranged from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for amphotericin B, from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for itraconazole, and from 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml for terbinafine. The chelators caused inhibition of Sporothrix spp. in yeast form at concentrations ranging from 16 to 64 μg/ml (for EDTA) and 8 to 32 μg/ml (for DFP). For antifungal drugs, MIC values observed against the yeast varied from 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml for AMB, 0.03 to 1 μg/ml for ITC, and 0.03 to 0.13 μg/ml for TRB. Both DFP and EDTA presented synergistic interaction with antifungals against Sporothrix spp. in both filamentous and yeast form. Biofilms formed in the presence of the chelators (512 μg/ml) showed a reduction of 47% in biomass and 45% in metabolic activity. Our data reveal that DFP and EDTA reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp., had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen, and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp. Lay Summary Our data reveal that iron chelators deferiprone and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the growth of planktonic cells of Sporothrix spp. as well as had synergistic interaction with antifungal drugs against this pathogen and reduced biofilm formation of Sporothrix spp.

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Phenolic Composition and Antifungal Effect of Costus cf. arabicus L Against Yeast of the Candida Genus

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery ◽

10.2174/1570180815666180827122526 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 502-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonia Thassya Lucas Dos Santos ◽

Antonio Júdson Targino Machado ◽

Maria Audilene De Freitas ◽

Irwin Rose Alencar De Menezes ◽

Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Cellular Growth ◽

Fungal Resistance ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Antifungal Action ◽

Inhibitory Potential ◽

Fungistatic Effect

Background: The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been observed, and because of that, research with natural products have been performed with the aim of obtaining bioactive compounds. Objective: Evaluate the chemical composition and antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of Costus cf. arabicus L leaves (EECAL) over strains of the genus Candida, as well as its inhibitory potential over yeast virulence. Methods: The composition of EECAL was analyzed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution using spectrophotometer readings and the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was investigated. The reading data of the MIC was used to trace a cellular growth curve and calculate the Inhibitory Concentration for 50% of the cells (IC50) of the extract and fluconazole. The effect over the yeast morphology was verified using wet-chamber microculture and visualized through optical microscopy (40x). Results: HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The extract presented fungistatic effect (MIC of 8.192 µg/mL). The IC50 of the extract and fluconazole varied between 4,008.7 to 5,116.8 µg/mL and 44.0 to 83.1 µg/mL, respectively. The extract inhibited the formation of hyphae at MICx2 against CA LM 77. For the CA INCQS 40006, the inhibition was verified at MIC/2. In the CT LM 23 and CT INCQS 40042 strains the presence of hyphae was considered absent at the MIC. Conclusion: The extract presented antifungal action on cell growth at elevated concentrations and an inhibitory effect of dimorphism in the tested Candida species.

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Control ofCryptococcus GattiiBiofilms by an Ethanolic Extract ofCochlospermum Regium(Schrank) Pilger Leaves

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2018/5764187 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Adriana A. Almeida-Apolonio ◽

Wellinton J. Cupozak-Pinheiro ◽

Vagner M. Berres ◽

Fabiana G. S. Dantas ◽

Terezinha I. E. Svidzinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antifungal Agents ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Checkerboard Assay ◽

Serious Disease

Cryptococcus gattiiis an etiologic agent of cryptococcosis and a serious disease that affects immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients worldwide. The therapeutic arsenal used to treat cryptococcosis is limited to a few antifungal agents, and the ability ofC. gattiito form biofilms may hinder treatment and decrease its susceptibility to antifungal agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of an ethanolic extract ofCochlospermum regium(Schrank) Pilger leaves againstC. gattii. The antifungal activity was assessed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution technique and interaction of the extract with fluconazole was performed of checkerboard assay. The antibiofilm activity of the extract was evaluated in 96-well polystyrene microplates, and the biofilms were quantified by counting colony forming units. The extract showed antifungal activity at concentrations of 62.5 to 250μg/mL and when the extract was evaluated in combination with fluconazole,C. gattiiwas inhibited at sub-MIC levels. The antibiofilm activity of the extract againstC. gattiiwas observed both during biofilm formation and on an already established biofilm. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of the leaves ofC. regiumshows promise for the development of antifungal drugs to treat cryptococcosis and to combatC. gattiibiofilms.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of telithromycin against Enterococcus spp. isolated from China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-24213/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yanpeng Xiong ◽

Junwen Chen ◽

Xiang Sun ◽

Guangjian Xu ◽

Peiyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Enterococcal Infection ◽

Wide Range ◽

Excellent Activity ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽

Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Enterococci has resistant to a wide range of antimicrobials, and the treatment of enterococcal infection has always been an issue of concern. This study aimed to explore the new ketolides antimicrobials-telithromycin, against the planktonic cells and biofilms of enterococci. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of telithromycin was determined. The sequence types (STs) and genotypes of resistance to erythromycin in enterococci were detected. Furthermore, the effect of telithromycin against the biofilms of enterococci were investigated.Results: A total of 280 Enterococcus faecalis and 122 Enterococcus faecium isolates were collected from individual inpatients in China. Telithromycin showed excellent activity against the E. faecalis and E. faecium strains no matter sensitive or resistant to erythromycin with erm A, erm B or erm C, with the MIC50 at 2 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively. The predominant STs of E. faecalis isolates were ST16, ST30, ST179, and ST18, ST78, ST80 were the predominant STs of E. faecium isolates. Moreover, 87.1% (135/158) and 80.4% (41/51) isolates of the predominant STs carried the erm genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively. The subinhibitory concentration of telithromycin (at 1/4× and 1/8× MICs) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of 16 E. faecalis isolates. Telithromycin (at 8× MIC) indicated the removal effect on the established biofilms of 8 E. faecalis isolates, and combined with ampicillin eradicated more biofilms than telithromycin or ampicillin alone.Conclusion: Telithromycin showed an excellent activity against the planktonic cells of E. faecalis and E. faecium, and against the biofilms of E. faecalis.

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Exploring the Potential Use of Hylocereus polyrhizus Peels as a Source of Cosmeceutical Sunscreen Agent for Its Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/7520736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Ramya Vijayakumar ◽

Siti Salwa Abd Gani ◽

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan ◽

Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi ◽

Thiruventhan Karunakaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Sun Protection ◽

Protection Factor ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Hylocereus Polyrhizus

Currently, consumers’ demand for sunscreens derived from natural sources that provide photoprotection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is pushing the cosmetic industry to develop breakthrough formulations of sun protection products by incorporating plant antioxidants as their active ingredients. In this context, the present study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of the underutilized Hylocereus polyrhizus peel extract (HPPE) using in vitro spectrophotometric techniques. The phytochemical screenings of HPPE conducted via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids as the major secondary metabolites in HPPE. The antioxidant potentials evaluated based on 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical and total antioxidant capacity assays were in the range of 22.16 ± 0.24%–84.67 ± 0.03% with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 36.39 ± 0.04 μg/mL and 23.76 ± 0.14%–31.87 ± 0.26% (IC50 = 21.93 ± 0.07 μg/mL), respectively. For the photoprotective evaluation, the results showed that HPPE had significantly high absorbance values (3.1–3.6) at 290–320 nm with an exceptional sun protection factor (SPF) value of 35.02 ± 0.39 at 1.00 mg/mL. HPPE also possessed a broad-spectrum shielding power against both UVA and UVB radiations. Hence, in terms of practical implications, our findings would offer an exciting avenue to develop a photoprotective formulation incorporating the ethanolic extract of Hylocereus polyrhizus peels as a synergistic active ingredient for its excellent UV absorption properties and the strong antioxidant activities.

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Antifungal activity of promethazine and chlorpromazine against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex species

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myz140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (7) ◽

pp. 906-912

Author(s):

Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽

Wilker Jose Perez Gotay ◽

Vandbergue Santos Pereira ◽

Jonathas Sales de Oliveira ◽

Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Cryptococcus Gattii ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Complex Species ◽

Cryptococcus Spp

Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii are fungal pathogens that affect the central nervous system, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Due to the limited pharmacological arsenal available for the treatment of cryptococcosis associated with cases of antifungal resistance of Cryptococcus spp. reported in some studies, the search for new compounds with antifungal potential becomes relevant. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of phenothiazines (promethazine and chlorpromazine) on C. neoformans/C. gattii planktonic cells and biofilms. In vitro planktonic susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution assay. The effect of phenothiazines was evaluated against biofilm formation and mature Cryptococcus biofilms. Biofilm morphology and ultrastructure were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Promethazine and chlorpromazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8–32 μg/ml and 4–16 μg/ml, respectively. As for biofilm formation, phenothiazines reduced biomass by 60% and metabolic activity by 90% at 64 μg/ml; while in mature biofilms, reductions of 85% and 90% in biomass and metabolic activity, respectively, were observed at 1024 μg/ml. Promethazine and chlorpromazine were also able to disrupt and fragment biofilms. In conclusion, promethazine and chlorpromazine have antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus spp. These data show the potential of promethazine and chlorpromazine as antibiofilm drugs.

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Chemical and cytotoxic analyses of three varieties of Brazilian propolis (green propolis, jataí propolis and brown propolis) and its anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis in vitro activity

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-9918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 819-827

Author(s):

C.M. Peter ◽

S.B. Waller ◽

T. Picoli ◽

L.G. Osório ◽

J.L. Zani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

High Performance ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽

Ethanolic Extraction ◽

Brazilian Propolis

ABSTRACT In this study, we described the antifungal activity of three Brazilian propolis extracts: brown, green and from jataí bees against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The extracts were obtained from ethanolic extraction and their chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The cellular toxicity was measured in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells and quantified by the MTT assay (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyl-2H bromine tetrazolato). For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution. The results showed that cell toxicity was not observed at lower concentrations (0.097 to 0.39μg/ml) for all extracts in comparison to cell control. Among the chemical compounds identified, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were quantified. In antifungal activity, green and jataí did not exhibit activity against the isolates (MIC and MFC greater than 0.78mg/ml). However, all isolates of S. brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis (MIC of 0.09 to 0.78mg/ml), including the standard strain (P<0.001). Among the Brazilian propolis studied, the brown propolis showed activity against the S. brasiliensis isolates and more studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate its promising use in the treatment of sporotrichosis.

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Inhibitory Effect of Natural Phenolic Compounds onAspergillus parasiticusGrowth

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/547925 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Romina P. Pizzolitto ◽

Carla L. Barberis ◽

José S. Dambolena ◽

Jimena M. Herrera ◽

María P. Zunino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Water Partition Coefficient ◽

Phenolic Components ◽

Natural Phenolic Compounds ◽

The Individual ◽

New Compounds ◽

The Impact

Considering the impact ofAspergillusspecies on crops, it appears to be highly desirable to apply strategies to prevent their growth, as well as to eliminate or reduce their presence in food products. For this reason, the aims of this investigation were to evaluate the effects of ten natural phenolic compounds on theAspergillus parasiticusgrowth and to determine which physicochemical properties are involved in the antifungal activity. According to the results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the individual compounds, isoeugenol, carvacrol, and thymol were the most active phenolic components (1.26 mM, 1.47 mM, and 1.50 mM, resp.), followed by eugenol (2.23 mM). On the other hand, creosol, p-cresol, o-cresol, m-cresol, vanillin, and phenol had no effects on fungal development. Logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P), refractivity index (RI), and molar volume (MV) were demonstrated to be the descriptors that best explained the antifungal activity correlated to lipophilicity, reactivity of the components, and steric aspect. These findings make an important contribution to the search for new compounds with antifungal activity.

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Highly Efficient Antibiofilm and Antifungal Activity of Green Propolis against Candida species in dentistry material

10.1101/2020.01.27.920959 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carolina Rabelo Falcão Bezerra ◽

Katia Regina Assunção Borges ◽

Rita de Nazaré Silva Alves ◽

Amanda Mara Teles ◽

Igor Vinicius Pimentel Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

High Performance ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Propolis Extract ◽

Strong Intensity ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Orthodontic Materials

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the influence of green propolis’ extract on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida species on dentistry material.MethodsPhytochemical analysis of green propolis’ extract was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Adhesion was quantified in a Neubauer chamber, counting the number of yeast cells adhered to the fragments; Biofilm formation was determined by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). The intensity of biofilm formation adhesion was classified as negative, weak, moderate, strong and very strong. Fifteen compounds were identified in green propolis extract, mainly flavonoids.ResultsAll strains were able to adhere and form biofilm on the surface of the orthodontic materials studied. In steel and resin, the adhesion intensity of the yeast cells was weak at all incubation times, except for C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis which at 12hs showed moderate intensity. Regarding biofilm formation (24 and 48 hours), it was observed in the steel that C. albicans had moderate intensity at 24 and 48 hours; C. parapsilosis at 24 and 48 hours had very strong intensity; C. tropicalis at 24 hours had strong intensity and at 48 hours very strong. While in the resin, all species at 24 and 48 hours had strong intensity, except for C. tropicalis which at 48 hours had very strong intensity. Green propolis extract showed antifungal activity and was able to inhibit both adhesion and biofilm formation at 2.5 μg/mL.ConclusionsThis study reinforces the idea that green propolis has antifungal activity and interferes with virulence factors of Candida species.

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Antifungal Activity on the Strain of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phytochemical Study of Ageratum conyzoides and Newbouldia laevis from the Kisangani Region / DR Congo

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2020/v5i430138 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

J. T. K. Kwembe ◽

J. P. Mbula ◽

O. Onautshu ◽

P. T. Mpiana ◽

G. Haesaert

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽

Chemical Screening ◽

Crude Extracts

Aims: To extract, identify and evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of the phytochemical groups of Ageratum conyzoides and Newbouldia laevis on the strain of Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Study Design: Exploitation of medicinal plants to combat the growth of L. theobromae, responsible for the decline of cocoa cultivation. Location and Duration of Studies: Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, between April 2017 and February 2018. Methodology: The crude extracts of the dry leaves of A. conyzoides and N. laevis were tested (at 100 mg/mL). Potato dextrose agar was used as the culture medium. After chemical screening, abundant phytochemical groups were isolated and tested. Results: The aqueous, 95% ethanolic and ethereal crude extracts of A. conyzoides are more antifungal (respective percentages of inhibition PI: 80.74; 84.10 and 85.64%) than those of N. laevis (63.28; 72.64 and 75.23%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous crude extract of A. conyzoides is lower (25 mg/mL) than that of the ethanolic extract (50 mg/mL). Tannins are very abundant in A. conyzoides and in N. laevis. Saponins, sterols and terpenes are abundant in both plants. The extraction yields of tannins and saponins are respectively 20.67 and 2.43% in A. conyzoides and 10.47 and 2.38% in N. laevis. A. conyzoides contains the gallic tannins while N. laevis, the condensates and catechics. The saponins and tannins of A. conyzoides are more antifungal (respective PI: 84.40 and 54.44%) than those of N. laevis (PI: 75.56 and 32.96%). Discussion: The saponins of A. conyzoides and N. laevis are more active on the strain of L. theobromae than the tannins. Saponins are surfactants that can destabilize membrane structure of microorganisms including fungi. Conclusion: The saponins of the two plants have shown a very interesting antifungal power on the strain of L. theobromae. The identification of their active molecules is ongoing.

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