scholarly journals Analytical and Experimental Studies on the Application of a Series of Treatment Chambers for Escherichia coli Inactivation by Pulsed Electric Fields

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4071
Author(s):  
Khanit Matra ◽  
Pattakorn Buppan ◽  
Boonchai Techaumnat
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Flowing Liquid

The paper investigated studies on the application of pulsed electric fields for the treatment of liquid media in a continuous manner in a co-field treatment chamber with elliptic insulator profiles. The electric field distribution and the temperature rise in the treatment chamber were evaluated via the finite element method. A non-uniform electric field was found at the elliptical insulator edges, while the electric field distribution on the insulator surface was rather uniform. The maximum temperature rise in the liquid media was located slightly behind the elliptic insulator due to the accumulated heat in the flowing liquid media. In the optimized treatment chamber, the average electric field intensity could be as high as 12.21 kV/cm at the moderate voltage at 7.5 kV. As a strategy to improve the inactivation while limiting the temperature rise, a series of treatment chambers was verified by experiments under the conditions of 7.5 kV, a 2.5% duty cycle, and 250 Hz. It was found that an increase in the treatment units could increase the inactivation efficiency for Escherichia coli. The average log reduction could be improved from 1.82 to 2.39 when the number of treatment units was increased from 1 to 5, respectively.

Study on Electric Field Characteristics of Converter Transformer on Valve Side Winding

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 1413-1417
Author(s):  
You Hua Gao ◽  
Guo Wei Liu ◽  
Yan Bin Li ◽  
You Feng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Voltage Polarity ◽  
Transient Electric Field

Numerical calculation model with compound insulation of transient electric field is given. The insulation is more prominent due to complication for voltage applied on valve side winding of the converter transformer. So the simplied structure for electric calculation on the valve side winding of the converter transformer is established. The electric field distribution characteristics on the valve side winding of the converter transformer is analyzed and electric fields in different resistivity and permittivity are calculated under AC high voltage, DC high voltage, AC superimposed DC voltage, polarity reversal voltage. The maximum electric field intensity is calculated and analyzed under kinds of high voltage. Some important influence factors for electric field distribution are also discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Pulsed Electric Fields and Temperature on The Inactivation of Microorganismsill

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyao Yan ◽  
Li Yin ◽  
Chunjing Hao ◽  
Kefu Liu ◽  
Jian Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Electric Field Intensity ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Inactivation Effect

Abstract Pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a new pasteurization technology played an important role in the process of inactivating microorganisms. At the same time, temperature could promote the process of electroporation, and achieve better inactivation effect. This article studied the inactivation effect of PEF on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus velezensis under different initial temperatures (room temperature-24°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C). From the inactivation results, it found temperature could reduce the critical electric field intensity for microbial inactivation. After the irreversible electroporation of microorganisms occurred, the nucleic acid content and protein content in the suspension increased with the inactivation rate because the cell membrane integrity was destroyed. We had proved that the electric field and temperature could promote molecular transport through the finite element simulation. Under the same initial temperature and electrical parameters (electric field intensity, pulse width, pulse number), the lethal effect on different microorganisms was Saccharomyces cerevisiae > Escherichia coli > Bacillus velezensis.

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Electric Field Distribution in Layered Paper-Oil Insulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Håkonseth ◽  
Erling Ildstad
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Dielectric Response ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Polarization Current ◽  
Dependent Polarization

Layered paper–oil insulation is used in several types of HVDC equipment. In order to better understand breakdown mechanisms and optimize the design, it is important to understand the electric field distribution in the insulation. In the present work, a test object with such insulation has been modeled as a series connection of oil and impregnated paper. The permittivity, conductivity, and the dielectric response function has been measured for impregnated paper and oil separately and used as parameters in a dielectric response model for the layered insulation system. A system of differential equations has been established describing the voltages across each material, i.e. across each layer of the test object. These equations have been solved considering a DC step voltage across the whole test object. Based on this, the time-dependent electric field in each material as well as the time-dependent polarization current density in the test object have been calculated. The calculated polarization current density was found to agree well with the measured polarization current density of the test object. This indicates that application of dielectric response theory gives a good estimate of the time-dependent electric field distribution in layered insulation systems. The results show that 90 % of the change from initial values to steady-state values for the electric fields has occurred within the first 35 minutes after the voltage step. This applies to the electric fields in both of the materials of the examined test object at a temperature of 323 K.

On Electric Field Distribution and Temperature Rise Effect of High Power VLF Antenna

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-696
Author(s):  
Xianqiang Li ◽  
Kedan Mao ◽  
Ao Wang ◽  
Ji Tian ◽  
Wenchuang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
High Power ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Strong Electric Field ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Novel Approach

When a high-power very low frequency (VLF) communication system is in operation, the end of the antenna is in an alternating strong electric field environment. Due to dielectric loss, abnormal temperature rise may occur at the end of the antenna. To solve the problem, analysis on the electric field distribution and temperature rising effect at the end of the antenna is first carried out in this paper. The factors that affect the electric field distribution and temperature rising, including the amplitude and frequency of the excitation voltage, the diameter of the antenna conductor and the material properties of the outer sheath of the antenna, are studied in detail. A novel approach to improve the electric field distribution and to suppress temperature rising is proposed by designing a dielectric loss eliminator, and the effectiveness of the designed device is verified by simulation.

scholarly journals Electric Field Distribution Analysis of Blood Cancer as a Potential Blood Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Miftakhul Firdhaus ◽  
Ulya Farahdina ◽  
Vinda Zakiyatuz Zulfa ◽  
Endarko Endarko ◽  
Agus Rubiyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Blood Cancer

Blood cancer causes a significant increase in the concentration of Leukocytes, which can be broken down through dielectrophoresis and electrochemical procedures. Therefore, the electric field plays an important role in the migration of leukocytes to high voltage areas. This is because different electrode arrangements produce varying electric field distributions. Furthermore, this study applied finite element methods to generate electric fields when electrodes with an AC voltage were applied to blood placed in a chamber. Therefore, in this study, variations of mediums and electrode arrangements were investigated, which led to the recommendation of 3 models. The objective was to investigate electrode arrangements that produce optimal electric field distribution for the three models to exhibit a booster of electric field distribution. The maximum electric field is generated close to the electrode (Z=2 mm and Z=92 mm) for any material (i.e. normal blood, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte) with values of 22.6 V/m and 23.47 V/m, 22.85 V/m and 22.97 V/m, and 24.88 V/m and 25.01 V/m. Based on principle, lymphocytes in the blood result in positive dielectrophoresis, since they migrate to a higher electric field close to the electrode, with enough input voltage to turn the electrochemical process on the leukocytes into electric current. Furthermore, this study provides new perspectives and ideas, which have not been revealed in previous studies on blood cancer therapy using the electric field of Ag electrode in blood cancer distribution.Keywords: blood cancer, dielectrophoresis, electric field, voltage, electrochemical, and cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of pulsed electric fields and temperature on the inactivation of microorganisms

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyao Yan ◽  
Li Yin ◽  
Chunjing Hao ◽  
Kefu Liu ◽  
Jian Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Electric Field Intensity ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Inactivation Effect

AbstractPulsed electric fields (PEF) as a new pasteurization technology played an important role in the process of inactivating microorganisms. At the same time, temperature could promote the process of electroporation, and achieve better inactivation effect. This article studied the inactivation effect of PEF on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus velezensis under different initial temperatures (room temperature-24 $$\mathrm{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ ∘ C , 30 $$\mathrm{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ ∘ C , 40 $$\mathrm{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ ∘ C , 50 $$\mathrm{^\circ{\rm C} }$$ ∘ C ). From the inactivation results, it found temperature could reduce the critical electric field intensity for microbial inactivation. After the irreversible electroporation of microorganisms occurred, the nucleic acid content and protein content in the suspension increased with the inactivation rate because the cell membrane integrity was destroyed. We had proved that the electric field and temperature could promote molecular transport through the finite element simulation. Under the same initial temperature and electrical parameters (electric field intensity, pulse width, pulse number), the lethal effect on different microorganisms was Saccharomyces cerevisiae > Escherichia coli > Bacillus velezensis.

scholarly journals Conductivity Characterization of Insulation and Its Effects on the Calculation of the Electric Field Distribution in HVDC Cables

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shili Liu ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Zhaoyu Hui ◽  
Yuhua Hang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Coincidence Degree ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
High Voltage Direct Current ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Materials Used

The calculation of an electric field distribution provides the basis for the structural design of the insulation, and an accurate characterization of conductivity as a function of temperature and electric field forms an important basis for the simulation of the electric field distribution in HVDC (high-voltage direct current) cables. However, the conductivity functions that describe the insulating materials used for HVDC cables in different studies are different, and very little has been reported regarding how to choose the most accurate function. In this work, the conductivity of insulating materials used for HVDC cables is characterized, and the effects of the conductivity characterization on the simulation of the electric field in HVDC cables are studied. First, eight common conductivity functions are compared qualitatively. Then, the conductivities of XLPE for different temperatures and electric fields are measured, and a data fitting technique is used to analyze the coincidence degree between different functions and the test results. Finally, the steady-state electric field distributions of HVDC cables for different temperature gradients are simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. The results show that the sum of the square of the relative errors of the fitting when using the original functions is larger than that achieved when using the logarithmic form of the functions. The deviations in the electric field caused by taking the logarithm of different functions are smaller.

scholarly journals Resolution of electric field distribution and conductivity in a non-uniform electric field: A teaching proposal

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mustafa Erol ◽  
İldahan Özdeyiş Çolak
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Uniform Electric Field ◽  
Field Lines

This work offers an alternative teaching proposal for the instruction of challenging concepts of electric field distribution and specific conductivity in a non-uniform electric field. Specifically, electric field lines are initially plotted and later on the relation between the electric potential difference and electric field strength is validated.  Additionally, on a selected electric field line, electric field strength versus path length and also conductivity versus path length are plotted to comprehend and teach exceedingly difficult concepts of uniform and non-uniform electric fields. In order to accomplish those tasks, a basic conducting sheet, that is simply a wet cardboard, is designed as a part of the apparatus together with a dc power supply, a multi meter and connecting cables. The established method is interesting in the sense that designed the conducting wet cardboard is novel, very practical, beneficial and minimal costing, hence the approach offers physics educators fresh teaching routes and opportunities to clarify the puzzling concepts of electrical field and conductivity.

scholarly journals Direct-Current Electric Field Distribution in the Brain for Tumor Treating Field Applications: A Simulation Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Shin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Direct Current Electric Field ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Current Electric Field

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy have been clinically reported to provide prolonged overall survival in glioblastoma patients. Alternating electric fields with frequencies of 100~300 kHz and magnitudes of 1~3 V/cm are shown to suppress the growth of cancer cells via interactions with polar molecules within dividing cells. Since it is difficult to directly measure the electric fields inside the brain, simulation models of the human head provide a useful tool for predicting the electric field distribution. In the present study, a three-dimensional finite element head model consisting of the scalp, the skull, the dura, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the brain was built to study the electric field distribution under various applied potentials and electrode configurations. For simplicity, a direct-current electric field was used in the simulation. The total power dissipation and temperature elevation due to Joule heating in different head tissues were also evaluated. Based on the results, some guidelines are obtained in designing the electrode configuration for personalized glioblastoma electrotherapy.

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