scholarly journals A Study on Liquid Leak Rates in Packing Seals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1936
Author(s):  
Abdel-Hakim Bouzid
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Outer Boundary ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Packing Materials ◽  
Thickness Change ◽  
Flow Through

The accurate prediction of liquid leak rates in packing seals is an important step in the design of stuffing boxes, in order to comply with environmental protection laws and health and safety regulations regarding the release of toxic substances or fugitive emissions, such as those implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft (TA Luft). Most recent studies conducted on seals have concentrated on the prediction of gas flow, with little to no effort put toward predicting liquid flow. As a result, there is a need to simulate liquid flow through sealing materials in order to predict leakage into the outer boundary. Modelling of liquid flow through porous packing materials was addressed in this work. Characterization of their porous structure was determined to be a key parameter in the prediction of liquid flow through packing materials; the relationship between gland stress and leak rate was also acknowledged. The proposed methodology started by conducting experimental leak measurements with helium gas to characterize the number and size of capillaries. Liquid leak tests with water and kerosene were then conducted in order to validate the predictions. This study showed that liquid leak rates in packed stuffing boxes could be predicted with reasonable accuracy for low gland stresses. It was found that internal pressure and compression stress had an effect on leakage, as did the thickness change and the type of fluid. The measured leak rates were in the range of 0.062 to 5.7 mg/s for gases and 0.0013 and 5.5 mg/s for liquids.

REGULATING RISK: OVERSIGHT OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY UNDER THE U.S. TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

1999 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 329-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA A. EFROYMSON
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
Risk Oversight ◽  
The U.S

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is the legislation used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate releases of genetically engineered microorganisms. The rule defining the scope of the notification requirements for releases of microbial products of biotechnology was published in April 1997. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had some latitude regarding the extent to which various categories of microorganisms would be regulated, but the agency was constrained by requirements of TSCA and an interagency agreement about how to regulate products of biotechnology. This paper investigates the extent to which the scope of oversight is based on risk. A risk-based rule is defined as one where the reporting requirements are based on potential for exposure or expected adverse effects. The evolution of the rule is described, and risk-based components are discussed. In conclusion, the scope of oversight of microbial releases is determined to be based on risk to the extent that legislation and institutional constraints permit.

scholarly journals The Emergence and Divergence in Performance: Management Systems in California State Government

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Richard Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Performance Management Systems ◽  
First Case

An understudied aspect of performance management systems is how performance management systems emerge in public agencies. This research focuses on the emergence of performance management systems, studying two cases with divergent outcomes in the State of California. The first case study is about the Performance Management Council, which included the voluntary participation of more than 20 California state agencies, departments, and divisions. The second case study is about the Department of Toxic Substances Control within the California Environmental Protection Agency. These cases, which impacted 35 million residents in a state with a $200 billion annual budget, potentially offer findings valuable to nations and to large sub-national units of government such as large states, districts, and provinces.This research offers three contributions to public sector performance management research literature. First, it addresses a gap in the understanding of how performance management systems emerge through dialogue and learning forums. Second, the research extends the study of performance management to the policy arenas of environmental protection, water resources, and other policy domains typically not researched in performance management. Third, the research connects performance management to the research on the reform of public agencies, diffusion of practices, and organizational change.

Mercury Exposure and Child Development Outcomes

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 1023-1029
Author(s):  
Philip W. Davidson ◽  
Gary J. Myers ◽  
Bernard Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Mercury Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
The Us

Mercury is ubiquitous in the global environment, ensuring universal exposure. Some forms of mercury are especially neurotoxic, including clinical signs at high doses. However, typical human exposures occur at low to moderate doses. Only limited data about neurotoxicity at low doses are available, and scientists differ in their interpretation. Dose–response data on neurodevelopment are particularly limited. Despite or perhaps because of the lack of sufficient or consistent scientific data, public concern about a link between mercury exposure and developmental disabilities has been rising. After reviewing the data, the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a reference dose (an estimate of a daily dose that is likely to be without a risk of adverse effects over a lifetime) for methyl mercury that is substantially lower than previous guidelines from the World Health Organization, the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the US Food and Drug Administration. Some questions have been raised about the Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines, but the issue remains unresolved. Meanwhile, consumer groups have raised questions about the potential link between mercury exposure and autism spectrum disorders as well as other adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This hypothesis has prompted some parents to seek regulatory, legal, or medical remedies in the absence of firm evidence. This article reviews what is known about mercury neurotoxicity and neurodevelopmental risk. Our intent is to focus the debate about mercury on 1) additional research that should be sought and 2) defining the principal issues that public policy makers face.

Environmental Pediatrics and Its Impact on Government Health Policy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 1146-1157
Author(s):  
Lynn Goldman ◽  
Henry Falk ◽  
Philip J. Landrigan ◽  
Sophie J. Balk ◽  
J. Routt Reigart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Centers Of Excellence ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Children’S Environmental Health

Recent public recognition that children are different from adults in their exposures and susceptibilities to environmental contaminants has its roots in work that began >46 years ago, when the American Academy of Pediatrics (APA) established a standing committee to focus on children’s radiation exposures. We summarize the history of that important committee, now the AAP Committee on Environmental Health, including its statements and the 1999 publication of the AAP Handbook of Pediatric Environmental Health, and describe the recent emergence of federal and state legislative and executive actions to evaluate explicitly environmental health risks to children. As a result in large part of these efforts, numerous knowledge gaps about children’s health and the environment are currently being addressed. Government efforts began in the 1970s to reduce childhood lead poisoning and to monitor birth defects and cancer. In the 1990s, federal efforts accelerated with the Food Quality Protection Act, an executive order on children’s environmental health, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Environmental Protection Agency Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units, and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Environmental Protection Agency Centers of Excellence in Research in Children’s Environmental Health. In this decade, the Children’s Environmental Health Act authorized the National Children’s Study, which has the potential to address a number of critical questions about children’s exposure and health. The federal government has expanded efforts in control and prevention of childhood asthma and in tracking of asthma, birth defects, and other diseases that are linked to the environment. Efforts continue on familiar problems such as the eradication of lead poisoning, but new issues, such as prevention of childhood exposure to carcinogens and neurotoxins other than lead, and emerging issues, such as endocrine disruptors and pediatric drug evaluations, are in the forefront. More recently, these issues have been taken up by states and in the international arena.

Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls: Draft for Public Comment

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Disease Registry ◽  
Federal Register ◽  
Public Comment ◽  
Toxicological Profile

This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary.

TRANGUCH GASOLINE SITE CASE HISTORY

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 637-642
Author(s):  
Stephen Jarvela ◽  
Kevin Boyd ◽  
Robert Gadinski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT A team, consisting of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Pennsylvania Department of Health; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; United States Coast Guard and United States Army Corps of Engineers, has completed major steps to provide a safe and healthy environment for the residents of Laurel Gardens, Hazleton, PA. What started as a simple underground gasoline leak took on more serious dimensions when gasoline vapors were found in nearby homes. The investigation and mitigation expanded to include over 400 properties. The remediation consists of a ground water treatment system and a soil vapor extraction system. This paper and its presenters look at the critical aspects of this case as the investigation went from subsurface soil and ground water contamination impacting surface water to the contamination of indoor air. It examines the impact of preferential pathways that include sanitary and storm sewers as well as a 19th century abandoned coal mine. In addition to the technical aspects, this examination looks at the public health and community issues that have surrounded this case.

potential risk of cancer to humans; and chemicals which CAG reviewed because one or more of three organizations (The International Agency for Research on Cancer, the National Toxicology Program Bioassay Program, and the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) concluded that these chemicals are potential human carcinogens. Report of the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee to the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency Section 4(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (P.L. 94469) established the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee (lTC) with representation from many of the Federal research and regulatory agencies. This Committee has the continuing responsibility to identify and recommend to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, chemical substances or mixtures which should be tested to determine their hazard to human health or the environment. In the ITC review and recommendation of selected chemicals, priority attention given to those individual or groups of chemical substances or mixtures which are known to cause or contribute to, or which are suspected of causing or contributing to cancer, gene mutations, or birth defects. The list, and reasons for making each recommendation, are required to be published in the Federal Register. Since 1977, the lTC has published eight reports which contain a total of 46 chemical substances or categories of chemicals. One chemical has been removed from the 4( e) Priority List because EPA responded to the Committee's recommendation for testing. Toxic Substances Control Act: Substantial Risk Notification Under Section 8(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), anyone who obtains information which reasonably supports the conclusion that a substance presents a substantial risk of injury to human health or the environment must notify the Environmental Protection Agency within days. These notices are then reviewed by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. An initial evaluation of the substance is prepared containing, if appropriate, followup questions to the submitter, referrals

1994 ◽  
pp. 20-20
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act
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