Eye-Tracker Analysis of the Contrast Sensitivity of Anomalous and Normal Trichromats: A Loglinear Examination with Landolt-C Figures

The contrast sensitivity of normal and anomalous trichromats were examined with Landolt-C figures by eye-tracking system. For the measurements, two series of test images (achromatic and colored) were designed. The difficulty levels of the tests were gradually increased after each right answer. In the case of the observation of the ring of the Landolt-C figures, the variables related to fixation duration, fixation count, visit duration and count significantly affected this subject, success or image parameters, and their interactions. The main questions of this study were as follows: Which statistical method is suitable to model the differences between anomalous and normal trichromats? Which eye-movement variables have a significant effect on the investigated parameters and on their interactions? Is there any significant difference between eye-movement variables of normal and anomalous trichromats? How does the survival time of anomalous and normal trichromats change in the case of achromatic and colored figures? The results showed that the right answers of anomalous and normal trichromats can be described with multiple or cross-classified contingency tables evaluated effectively by loglinear regression. The survival analysis showed that normal trichromats are more successful in interpreting colored images, while anomalous trichromats seemed to be more efficient in perceiving achromatic images.

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Analysis of female novice extroversion driver’s eye movement characteristics under anxiety

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814018822183 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 168781401882218

Author(s):

Fei-fei Liu ◽

Xiao-yuan Wang ◽

Ya-qi Liu ◽

Yuan-yuan Xia ◽

Jun-yan Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Human Beings ◽

Movement Data ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Movement Characteristics ◽

Visit Duration ◽

Induction Experiment ◽

The Right ◽

Anxiety Induction

Anxiety is a common emotion of driver, which always affects the safety of driving. Eye movement characteristics can be used to understand the true emotion state of human beings. It is of great significance to study the law of eye movement for realizing active vehicle safety warning and human–machine cooperation. In this article, anxiety-induction experiment, real-vehicle driving experiments, and virtual driving experiments were designed and used to obtain the eye movement data of female novice extroversion driver under calm and anxiety, and mathematical statistics analysis was made on the fixation count, fixation duration, and visit duration in the area of interest within the driver horizon. The results showed that there are significant differences in fixation count and fixation duration of drivers ([Formula: see text], p is the accompanying probability), and the main effect of emotion is significant [Formula: see text].Compared with the situation of calm, fixation area, fixation count, and fixation duration of drivers under anxiety were more focused on the middle area, the fixation count and visit duration on the left area were relatively more, the fixation duration on the right area was relatively longer, and anxiety was more likely to cause driver’s attention bias.

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Attention allocation on mobile app interfaces when human interacts with them

Cognitive Neurodynamics ◽

10.1007/s11571-021-09760-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Li Zhu ◽

Gaochao Cui ◽

Yan Li ◽

Jianhai Zhang ◽

Wanzeng Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fixation Duration ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Mobile App ◽

Attention Allocation ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Fixation Durations ◽

Total Fixation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bottom Left ◽

Left Region

AbstractWith the popularity of smartphones and the pervasion of mobile apps, people spend more and more time to interact with a diversity of apps on their smartphones, especially for young population. This raises a question: how people allocate attention to interfaces of apps during using them. To address this question, we, in this study, designed an experiment with two sessions (i.e., Session1: browsing original interfaces; Session 2: browsing interfaces after removal of colors and background) integrating with an eyetracking system. Attention fixation durations were recorded by an eye-tracker while participants browsed app interfaces. The whole screen of smartphone was divided into four even regions to explore fixation durations. The results revealed that participants gave significantly longer total fixation duration on the bottom left region compared to other regions in the session (1) Longer total fixation duration on the bottom was preserved, but there is no significant difference between left side and right side in the session2. Similar to the finding of total fixation duration, first fixation duration is also predominantly paid on the bottom area of the interface. Moreover, the skill in the use of mobile phone was quantified by assessing familiarity and accuracy of phone operation and was investigated in the association with the fixation durations. We found that first fixation duration of the bottom left region is significantly negatively correlated with the smartphone operation level in the session 1, but there is no significant correlation between them in the session (2) According to the results of ratio exploration, the ratio of the first fixation duration to the total fixation duration is not significantly different between areas of interest for both sessions. The findings of this study provide insights into the attention allocation during browsing app interfaces and are of implications on the design of app interfaces and advertisements as layout can be optimized according to the attention allocation to maximally deliver information.

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Research on the visual cognition patterns of exit guide sign viewing on freeway interchanges

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814018819530 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 168781401881953

Author(s):

Guichao Ren ◽

Xiaohua Zhao ◽

Zhanzhou Lin ◽

Wenxiang Xu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Tracking System ◽

Movement Time ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Visual Cognition ◽

The Road ◽

Route Information ◽

Four Levels ◽

Highly Correlated

The development of freeway construction and the increasing coverage of the road network have led to increasing requirements for guide signs. This article investigated drivers’ visual cognition pattern regarding exit guide signs on freeway interchanges. A static visual cognition experiment with 32 participants was carried out. The route information volume (four levels) and destination information volume (seven levels) were selected as the variables. An eye-tracking system was utilized to record drivers’ eye movement indicators, such as eye movement time, saccade frequency, seek time, and fixation duration. The results indicated that the eye movement time, saccade frequency, and seek time are highly correlated with information volume and increase significantly with the increases in information volume; although the fixation duration has no correlation with information volume, the fixation duration value, saccade frequency, and seek time of destination information are significantly higher than those of route information, and the destination information fulfills a stronger guiding function during the driver’s trip. The corresponding threshold values of destination information are 5, 5, 4, and 3 under the four levels of route information, and the threshold value of route information is 3.

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Assessing learning styles through eye tracking for e-learning applications

Computer Science and Information Systems ◽

10.2298/csis201201035n ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-35

Author(s):

Nahumi Nugrahaningsih ◽

Marco Porta ◽

Aleksandra Klasnja-Milicevic

Keyword(s):

Learning Styles ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Learning Experience ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Learning Material ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Gaze Behavior ◽

First Year Students ◽

The Right

Adapting the presentation of learning material to the specific student?s characteristics is useful to improve the overall learning experience and learning styles can play an important role to this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to distinguish between Visual and Verbal learning styles from gaze data. In an experiment involving first year students of an engineering faculty, content regarding the basics of programming was presented in both text and graphic form, and participants? gaze data was recorded by means of an eye tracker. Three metrics were selected to characterize the user?s gaze behavior, namely, percentage of fixation duration, percentage of fixations, and average fixation duration. Percentages were calculated on ten intervals into which each participant?s interaction time was subdivided, and this allowed us to perform timebased assessments. The obtained results showed a significant relation between gaze data and Visual/Verbal learning styles for an information arrangement where the same concept is presented in graphical format on the left and in text format on the right. We think that this study can provide a useful contribution to learning styles research carried out exploiting eye tracking technology, as it is characterized by unique traits that cannot be found in similar investigations.

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The relationship between handedness and valence: A gesture study

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021817750110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 2615-2626 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Esra Nur Çatak ◽

Alper Açık ◽

Tilbe Göksun

Keyword(s):

Emotional Valence ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Left Handed ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Side Preference ◽

The Right ◽

The Relationship ◽

Representational Gestures ◽

Positive Content

People with different hand preferences assign positive and negative emotions to different sides of their bodies and produce co-speech gestures with their dominant hand when the content is positive. In this study, we investigated this side preference by handedness in both gesture comprehension and production. Participants watched faceless gesture videos with negative and positive content on eye tracker and were asked to retell the stories after each video. Results indicated no difference in looking preferences regarding being right- or left-handed. Yet, an effect of emotional valence was observed. Participants spent more time looking to the right (actor’s left) when the information was positive and to the left (actor’s right) when the information was negative. Participants’ retelling of stories revealed a handedness effect only for different types of gestures (representational vs beat). Individuals used their dominant hands for beat gestures. For representational gestures, while the right-handers used their right hands more, the left-handers gestured using both hands equally. Overall, the lack of significant difference between handedness and emotional content in both comprehension and production levels suggests that body-specific mental representations may not extend to the conversational level.

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Understanding Eye Movement Signal Characteristics Based on Their Dynamical and Fractal Features

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19030626 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 626 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarzyna Harezlak ◽

Pawel Kasprowski

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Chaotic Behavior ◽

Oculomotor System ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Self Similarity ◽

Movement Dynamics ◽

Signal Characteristics ◽

The Right ◽

The Brain ◽

System Characteristics

Eye movement is one of the biological signals whose exploration may reveal substantial information, enabling greater understanding of the biology of the brain and its mechanisms. In this research, eye movement dynamics were studied in terms of chaotic behavior and self-similarity assessment to provide a description of young, healthy, oculomotor system characteristics. The first of the investigated features is present and advantageous for many biological objects or physiological phenomena, and its vanishing or diminishment may indicate a system pathology. Similarly, exposed self-similarity may prove useful for indicating a young and healthy system characterized by adaptability. For this research, 24 young people with normal vision were involved. Their eye movements were registered with the usage of a head-mounted eye tracker, using infrared oculography, embedded in the sensor, measuring the rotations of the left and the right eye. The influence of the preprocessing step in the form of the application of various filtering methods on the assessment of the final dynamics was also explored. The obtained results confirmed the existence of chaotic behavior in some parts of eye movement signal; however, its strength turned out to be dependent on the filter used. They also exposed the long-range correlation representing self-similarity, although the influence of the applied filters on these outcomes was not unveiled.

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Eye-tracking and cognitive monitoring as the methods of insight process objectification

Experimental Psychology (Russia) ◽

10.17759/exppsy.2019120113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 167-179

Author(s):

I.Yu. Vladimirov ◽

A.V. Chistopolskaya

Keyword(s):

Problem Solving ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Problem Space ◽

Monitoring Method ◽

Insight Problem ◽

Insight Problem Solving ◽

Cognitive Monitoring

Current article highlights the results of the research of specific mechanisms of insight problem solving. It is based on the analysis of eye movement record data made by eye-tracker. The recorded data included average pupil diameter [mm] and fixation duration [ms]; the distribution of averaged eye movement values within the areas of interest during the manipulations with problem space was analyzed. The eye movement data was compared to the cognitive monitoring method data. The specificity of insight problems in comparison with non-insight (algorithmized) problems was validated. Several qualitative features of insight problem solving and the organization of problem space were revealed. Additionally, the priority of visual processing during insight problem solving was discovered: fixation duration increased in the “main problem” AOI.

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Ocular Motor Behavior Monitor in Intermittent Exotropia by Eye Tracker

10.21203/rs.3.rs-620469/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoxiao Cai ◽

Zidong Chen ◽

Yanping Liu ◽

Zitian Liu ◽

Daming Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

High Speed ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Maximum Deviation ◽

Ocular Motor ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Intermittent Exotropia ◽

Average Deviation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Deviation Degree

Abstract Purpose: Eye movement in intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients is characterized by viability and uncertainty, however, conventional strabismus inspection methods cannot reflect these important qualities. Here, we sought to study the ocular motor behavior of IXT under different viewing conditions by eye tracker.Methods: Sixty-one IXT patients (33 males and 28 females) and 15 age-matched control participants were recruited for this study. An eye tracker equipped with a high-speed camera and MATLAB software was employed to monitor and record eye movement as well as eye position in included subjects with 3D shutter glasses at a normal reading distance (57 cm).Results: By using an eye tracker, our data showed that 90% of the included IXT patients lost their control and showed exotropia in 1.5±2.1s. The average deviation degree measured by the eye tracker was 32.9±11.5△, ranging from 6 to 50△, and reached its maximum deviation degree at 36.9±12.4△, with a mean time of 2±1.5s. Although a significant difference exists in the strabismus quantification between the prism test and the eye tracker, the test results obtained from these two methods were positively correlated. Moreover, by using the eye tracker, the fixation instability of IXT patients could be easily recorded and analyzed. In addition, the included IXT patients were divided into three types according to their ocular motor behavior as monitored by an eye tracker.Conclusion: Eye trackers could not only provide continuous, precise and effective strabismus assessments but also analyze ocular motor behavior over a period of time in IXT patients.

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Effects of Point of Aim on the Accuracy and Eye Movement Behavior in Bowling: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.6n.3p.38 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Jongil Lim ◽

Seung Ho Chang ◽

Adriane Cris Tomimbang

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Visual Target ◽

Tracking System ◽

Target Distance ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Movement Initiation ◽

Visual Targets ◽

The Relationship ◽

Visual Fixations

Background: A common research question in far-target aiming has been the importance and significance of the final visual fixation before movement initiation. In rolling tasks, such as 10-pin bowling, location of point of aim needs not be at the final target, the pins, but may be located at any point along the trajectory of the ball. Objective: Specific interest in the present experiment has focused on the relationship between visual point of aim and performance accuracy, and the relationship of visual control strategies utilized by expert performers. Methods: Skilled bowlers (N=7) performed 20 trials per condition concentrating on visual targets in different distances along the bowling lane (20, 40, 60 feet, and self-selected). Ball trajectory was tracked using a video based system and eye movement was measured using an eye tracking system. Results: Deviation of the ball from the visual target increased with visual target distance, while deviation of the ball from the pins was the lowest in the self-selected visual targets, followed by aiming at the pins. The final fixation duration before movement initiation was not associated with ball accuracy regardless of visual target locations. However, results demonstrated the association between final fixation duration task difficulty, that is, longer final fixation duration with increased visual target distance. Conclusion: The results indicate that visual fixations before movement initiation are uncharacteristically long while visual fixations just before the completion of the movement are relatively short.

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Suicidal Ideation and Self-Determination in Institutionalized Elderly

Crisis ◽

10.1027//0227-5910.22.1.15 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 15-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Andrée Fortin ◽

Sylvie Lapierre ◽

Jacques Baillargeon ◽

Réal Labelle ◽

Micheline Dubé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Self Determination ◽

Current Debate ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Rational Suicide ◽

Institutionalized Elderly ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Social Subscale ◽

Civil Status ◽

The Right ◽

Taking Action

The right to self-determination is central to the current debate on rational suicide in old age. The goal of this exploratory study was to assess the presence of self-determination in suicidal institutionalized elderly persons. Eleven elderly persons with serious suicidal ideations were matched according to age, sex, and civil status with 11 nonsuicidal persons. The results indicated that suicidal persons did not differ from nonsuicidal persons in level of self-determination. There was, however, a significant difference between groups on the social subscale. Suicidal elderly persons did not seem to take others into account when making a decision or taking action. The results are discussed from a suicide-prevention perspective.

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